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МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ
МОСКОВСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ
ПИЩЕВЫХ ПРОИЗВОДСТВ
И.В.Монахова, Т.Г.Мордвинцева, В.А.Стороженко, Т.А.Стремовская
МЕТОДИЧЕСКИЕ УКАЗАНИЯ
по обучению чтению научно-технических
текстов на английском языке
(для студентов I курса дневного отделения и ФАФО)
Москва 2001
П. М Пушнова, доцент кафедры «Иностранные языки» МГУПП
Н. Г. Шишурина, старший преподаватель кафедры «Иностранные языки» МГУПП
ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ
Настоящие методические указания предназначены для обучения студентов I курса дневного и вечернего отделений чтению научно-технических текстов на основе организованных в систему упражнений, обеспечивающих формирование у студентов определенных навыков и умений чтения и способствующих развитию навыков устной речи и письма.
Методические указания состоят из 3 разделов, структура каждого из которых предусматривает постепенный перенос внимания с овладения навыками оперирования языковыми средствами на решение смысловых задач.
Задания в разделах вводятся либо простой инструкцией, либо правилом-инструкцией, позволяющей развернуто показать способ решения задачи. Инструкция завершается образцом выполнения с ключом, что создает предпосылки для самостоятельного выполнения заданий. Каждое задание включает в себя 5-10 однотипных единиц (слов, словосочетаний, предложений, микротекстов), аналогичных образцу.
Структура разделов, наличие таблиц, ключей к заданиям позволяют использовать методические указания как на занятиях для самостоятельной работы под руководством преподавателя. так и для внеаудиторной работы.
ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ
Раздел I. Функции глагола “to be”.
Личные формы глагола “to be”…………………………………..4
Раздел II. Функции глагола “ to have”.
Личные формы глагола “to have”………………………………14
Раздел III. Формы и функции причастия и герундия……………………….28
Р а з д е л 1
Функции глагола “to be”.
Личные формы глагола “to be”.
(Indefinite)
|
Present |
Past |
Future |
|||
|
I am |
We |
I was |
We |
I shall be |
We shall be |
|
You are |
You are |
You were |
You were |
You |
You will |
|
He |
They |
He |
They |
He will be |
They be |
|
She is |
She was |
She |
|||
|
It |
It |
It |
Задание 1. Заполните пропуски соответствующей формой глагола “to be”
(a - am; b - is; c - was; d - were; e - be)
10. What year will the first year of the 21st century ...?
TO BE |
Таблица 1 |
+ предлог + существительное; наречиесмысловой глагол (сказуемое) |
1 |
быть, находиться |
Московский Университет находится на Воробьевых горах. |
+ существит., прилагат.числит., инф., герундий |
составного именного |
2 |
быть, значить |
Вы будете инженерами через пять лет.My aim is to master English. Моя цель – овладеть английским языком. |
Be |
часть сказуемого + инфинитив |
составного глагольного |
3 |
должен, должна, должно, должны |
Он должен был вчера обсудить вопрос с деканом. |
|
продолженные времена |
4 |
не переводится |
Я сейчас читаю английскую книгу. |
+ причастиевспомогательный глагол+ причастие II |
5а |
не переводится в настоящем времени |
5а. Elections to the State Duma are held every four years.Выборы в Государственную Думу проводятся каждые четыре года. |
(часть сказуемого) |
страдатель-ный залог |
5b |
был, была, были будет (будут) |
5б. When were these letters and telegrams received? Когда были поучены эти книги и телеграммы? |
Задание II. Определите функцию глагола “to be” в заданных предложениях. Против номера каждого предложения поставьте цифру, которой обозначена данная функция в таблице №1 (1-5), с. 5.
e.g. 1. Our Institute is not far from the "Sokol" underground station.
2. The Institute of Food Industry was founded in 1930.
Ключ: 1-1, 2-5.
Strength of materials is one of the basic engineering disciplines.
Muscovites are building new underground lines in various parts of Moscow.
The first man-made space flight will be one of the greatest scientific achievements in the history of mankind for all time.
Where were you an hour ago?
The Moscow Kremlin is in the centre of the city.
Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleyev was an honorary member of American, Berlin, Danish, Parisian and Roman Academies of Sciences.
You are to keep to the left in the streets of London.
Ink was invented in Egypt.
Foreign books and magazines were sold in the new book-shop last week.
Student scientific conferences are usually held at our University in April.
Задание III. Составьте утверждения, отражающие Вашу точку зрения (или реальный факт), используя подстановочную таблицу.
|
Образец |
1) The “Moscow News” newspaper is known all over the world. 2) The “Moscow News" newspaper is very popular both in our country and abroad. |
|
|
1. London |
|
widely discussed by Muscovites. |
|
2. April 12 |
is |
the Day of Astronautics. |
|
3. American astronauts |
taking part in celebrating the 850th Anniversary of the Foundation of Moscow. |
|
|
4. The construction of the third circle road around Moscow |
was |
to fight for peace all over the world. |
|
5. The aim of all progressive-minded people |
divided into two parts by the river Thames. |
|
|
6. The Millennium of Christianity in Russia |
will be |
to take place at the end of this century. |
|
7. The elections to a new parliament |
held in our country at the end of 1999. |
|
|
8. Beauty contests |
were |
an important historical event in the life of our country. |
|
9. Muscovites |
take place in various cities and towns of Russia. |
|
|
10. The beginning of the next century |
are |
very popular both in our country and abroad. |
|
11. The newspaper “Moscow News” |
to take part in a joint flight to the orbital station “Mir”. |
Задание IV. Прочитайте текст. Переведите его письменно, обращая
внимание на функцию глагола “to be”.
There are some new seas in our country. The new seas are large and deep. The new seas are to give water to the new canals. New seas are made in order to have big reservoirs of water for irrigation.
|
Задание V. |
Прочитайте данные предложения. Укажите номера тех из них, в которых сказуемое выражает действие в развитии (Present Continuous). |
|
e.g. |
1. Our University trains specialists for Food Industry. 2. The students are working in the laboratory now. (2) |
She usually prepares her lessons in the reading- room of the University.
She is making progress in English.
On Saturdays the students of our group carry out experiments in the laboratories of the University.
They are taking their exam in Mathematics in Room 45.
We speak English with our teacher at the English lessons.
Задание VI. Составьте ситуации, выбрав соответствующие предложения из правой и левой колонки.
|
e.g. |
1. The translation is not ready yet. |
1. She uses special dictionaries. |
|
2. Her translation is always good. |
2. She is looking up some more words in the dictionary. |
|
A. |
1. The exams are over. 2. The exams are always easy for him. |
1. He is spending the winter vacation in the country. 2. He knows the subjects well and masters them. |
|
B. |
1. The reading-room of the University is already closed. 2. The reading-room of the University is large and light. |
1. She likes to study there. 2. She is going home to study. |
|
C. |
1. We are having an English test now. 2. The English test is always easy. |
1. The students write it very well. 2. The students of the group are thinking and writing. |
|
D. |
1. His answer is wrong. 2. He usually gives right answers. |
1. He is trying to find his mistake. 2. He never makes mistakes. |
|
E. |
1. He is a full-time student. 2. He is in the reading-room of Moscow University. |
1. He is studying the problem of the higher education. 2. He studies at the daytime department. |
|
F. |
1. The experiments are over. 2. Their experiments are always successful. |
1. They are closing the laboratory. 2. They carry them out skilfully. |
|
G. |
1. The conference is very interesting today. 2. Our University holds a scientific conference in April. |
1. Many students take part in it with great interest. 2. Mr. Nikolaev is making his report in Spanish. |
|
H. |
1. There are oxygen and hydrogen cylinders in our laboratory. 2. Oxygen and hydrogen are gases. |
1. We are carrying out an experiment with these two gases. 2. They combine and form water. |
Задание VII. Составьте высказывания, подобрав к предложениям в левой колонке их логическое продолжение из правой колонки. Обоснуйте Ваш выбор.
|
e.g. |
Don’t enter the laboratory (2) |
1. The students make various experiments. 2. The students are carrying out a very important experiment there. |
|
1. I like English classical literature. |
1. I am reading English sentences. 2. I read many English books. |
|
2. Excuse me, I have no time to help you now. |
1. I am studying for the exam in Mathematics. 2. I study for the exams in the evenings. |
|
3. She comes home tired. |
1. She finishes her work late. 2. She is finishing her work. |
|
4. Don’t interrupt the teacher. |
1. She explains very well. 2. She is explaining new grammar material. |
|
5. The lecture on History of Russia is interesting today. |
1. The students listen to the lecturer with great interest. 2. The students are listening to the lecturer very attentively. |
|
6. He knows English well. |
1. He is translating an article from English into Russian slowly. 2. He translates from English into Russian without any difficulty. |
|
7. Be very attentive. |
1. Professor N. delivers lectures on Chemistry and Physics. 2. Professor N. is delivering his lecture on Chemistry. |
|
8. My friend is in the Library of Foreign Languages now. |
1. She writes all her scientific reports in English. 2. She is writing a scientific report for the conference. |
Задание VIII. Прочитайте предложения и укажите номера тех из них, в которых сказуемое выражает действие в развитии. (Present Continuous).
сочетание (be + V + ing) является простым сказуемым в Present Contnuous, если подлежащее означает субъект, совершающий данное действие.
e.g. He is busy: he is reading an interesting English book.
Это же сочетание является составным именным сказуемым, если подлежащее обозначает предмет или процесс, суть которого раскрывается в именной части сказуемого.
e.g. His favourite occupation is reading English books.
2. The main task of this factory is producing a lot of new machines.
B. 1. My friend is now studying for his exams so he is reading much and working hard.
2. The way of mastering English is reading much and working hard.
C. 1. The scientist’s plan is visiting the International Conference.
2. What are the scientists of this Institute doing? They are visiting the scientific conference.
D. 1. Their aim is holding a scientific conference in April.
2. You will find them in the hall, they are holding a conference there.
E. 1. This student’s task is carrying on the research work on Chemistry.
2. At present the students are carrying on much research work at the University.
F. 1. The main way of getting scientific training is taking a post-graduate course.
2. Is your sister a student? No, she is taking a post-graduate course now.
specialists who will work abroad.
2. The problem of higher education in Russia is training highly-qualified specialists.
Задание IX. Определите намерение автора и уточните его, назвав одно из следующих слов:
а) always, usually - действие совершается обычно или регулярно;
b) now - действие совершается в данный момент;
c) mainly - действие отражает суть объекта или процесса.
e.g. 1. In Russia young people … study at the Universities for five or six years
(usually).
2. The role of computers in all spheres of life is … growing (now).
3. The most difficult problem for foreign students is ... studying Russian
(mainly).
1. In Russian schools and institutes classes ... start on September 1.
2. Electronics is ... becoming very important in various branches of industry.
3. Thousands of young people ... graduate from Russian higher schools every year.
4. The basic form of study for the correspondent student in our country is … home assignments.
5. Millions of people on Earth know English and their interest in the language is ... growing.
6. The aim of the tourists’ visit to the old Russian towns is ... studying Russian culture.
7. The college graduate in Russia ... meets the demands of modern production, science, technology and culture.
Задание X. Прочитайте следующие тексты. Выберите из данных к ним утверждений те, которые, по Вашему мнению, соответствуют содержанию текста.
t=1
A. Let us see how Siberia is developing. A number of reasons explains it. One of them is that it is a land of various resources. The discovery of Siberian diamonds, gold, aluminium is greatly increasing our county’s industrial potential . The most important reason for rapid progress in Siberia itself is developing the oil deposits.
The Siberians are now constructing large petrochemical enterprises which will serve the progress of Siberia’s industry. Another reason is the availability of various transport facilities.
Siberia’s appearance is changing rapidly. New cities, towns, villages are growing and becoming more and more beautiful.
1. The author tells us about rapid development of the Far East.
2. The Siberians are now using imported oil as raw material for large petrochemical enterprises.
3. The Siberians are discovering new deposits of diamonds, gold and aluminium.
t=1’
B. The “Open University” opened its doors for everybody in 1971. The main aim of the “Open University’ is teaching all those people who missed the chance of going to a conventional university. About 55000 students of all ages study at the “Open University”. Teachers study there because they want to improve their qualification. Retired people or mothers also study at the “Open University” for now they have time to study. The task of the “Open University” is organising lectures broadcast on BBC television and radio for the students who study by correspondence. The University sends the texts of lectures and writing assignments to the students. Usually there are no entrance exams. After 5 years of studies the students get a diploma.
1. The author tells us about one of the Russian higher schools.
2. Students study at the “Open University” by correspondence.
3. The “Open University” is opening its doors just now.
4. One of the ways of studying at the “Open University” is listening to the lectures broadcast on BBC television and radio.
Раздел 2
Функции глагола “ to have”.
Личные формы глагола “to have”.
(Indefinite)
|
Present |
Past |
Future |
|||
|
I have |
We |
I |
We |
I shall have |
We shall have |
|
You have |
You have |
You |
You had |
You |
You will |
|
He |
They |
He had |
They |
He will |
They have |
|
She has |
She |
She have |
|||
|
It |
It |
It |
Задание I. Заполните пропуски соответствующей формой глагола “to have”.
1. London ... more than 20 bridges over the Thames.
2. The first Moscow underground line ... only 13 stations.
3. Moscow … always been the centre of business activity of Russia.
TO HAVE |
Таблица 2 |
|
+ местоимение, (артикль) существительное смысловой глагол (сказуемое) |
1 |
иметь, обладать |
Озон имеет резкий запах. |
Have |
+ причастие II вспомогательный глагол для образования Perfect (часть сказуемого) |
2 |
не переводится действие совершилоось (совершится) |
Русские исследователи сделали много для развития науки. |
+ инфинитивмодальный глагол (часть сказуемого) |
3 |
должен, должна, должно, должны, приходится |
Все анлийские дети должны посещать школу в возрасте от 5 до 16 лет. |
4. Moscow ... already celebrated its 850-th anniversary.
5. During the World War II the inhabitants of Leningrad … to live, work, and
fight for 900 days in the blockaded city.
6. Russian educational establishments ... a good tradition to gather the former
students together.
7. Food technologists and engineers ... to solve lots various problems for the
successful development of the Food Industry.
8. The chemists ... made special steels which are widely used in industry.
9. No man ... yet reached Mars.
Задание II. Определите функцию глагола “to have” в заданных предложениях. Против номера каждого предложения поставьте цифру, которой обозначена данная функция в таблице №2, с.15.
e.g. 1. The English usually have four meals a day.
2. After sugar had been obtained in India it spread to Europe.
The article has been translated into Russian by this student.
Since 1957 the Russian word “Sputnik” has got into the vocabulary of almost all languages in the world.
In 1665 the Great Plague (чума) broke out in England, so Newton had to leave Cambridge University.
These students have two English classes every week.
Our government will have to make every effort to solve the food problem in the country.
Pure water has no colour.
Задание III. Составьте утверждения, отражающие Вашу точку зрения (или реальный факт), используя подстановочную таблицу.
|
Intensive work |
have |
been set up recently. |
|
Changes in our society |
to be carried out in the Research and Design Institutes of Russia to create special-purpose control computers. |
|
|
The young scientist |
had |
already begun in all spheres of the life of Russian people. |
|
The development of the Food Industry |
has |
gained very much from his trip to the North of our country. |
|
Application of control computers in industry |
a large computer centre. |
|
|
Moscow |
will have |
two language laboratories for students’ work without assistance. |
|
The Moscow State University of Food Production |
moved to a new 12 storey building of our Institute. |
|
|
The Foreign Languages Department of our Institute |
shall have |
not yet reached the desired level. |
Задание IV. Прочитайте текст. Переведите его письменно, обращая внимание на функцию глагола “to have”.
Titanium has many advantages over aluminium. It has a high melting point, it has great strength and is corrosion-resistant. Engineers have to consider its properties when using it for engineering purposes. Russia has large deposits of this metal. Titanium has been widely used for making ships, aeroplanes, bridges and turbines; it has also found many other fields for its application.
Задание V. Прочитайте утверждения в левой колонке и укажите номер того из них, логическим продолжением которого служит фраза из правой колонки.
|
e.g. 1. He didn’t come in time. 2. He hasn’t come home from the Institute yet. |
He stayed at the Institute. (-1) |
|
A. |
1. He took Chemistry last year. 2. He has already taken Chemistry. |
It was his favourite subject. |
|
B. |
1. She read a book about Tsiolkovsky long ago. 2. She has just read a book about Tsiolkovsky. |
Today she will tell us about his great contribution to the world science. |
|
C. |
1. I passed the entrance exams two years ago. 2. I have passed the entrance exams successfully. |
I became a student of the Moscow State University of food production. |
|
D. |
1. He carried on much research work in the field of Physics a few years ago. 2. He has carried on much research work in the field of Physics. |
He can use the results of his research for investigating chemical processes. |
|
E. |
1. At the previous lecture the teacher told us about various branches of Chemistry. 2. The teacher has told us much about various branches of Chemistry. |
We learnt much about the difference between Organic and Inorganic Chemistry. |
|
F. |
1. Our country has changed greatly. 2. During the 19-th century our country changed greatly. |
Now it is a country of many new towns, numerous hydroelectric and atomic power stations, railways and canals. |
|
G. |
1. Our country launched the first man-made sputnik into space in 1957. 2. Our country has recently launched another sputnik for weather forecasting. |
It was the beginning of a new era of scientific knowledge. |
|
H. |
|
She is working at school as a teacher now. |
Задание VI. Напишите следующие утверждения, вставляя глагол в нужной форме.
e.g. 1. Foreign students (began, have begun) to study in our country after the
World War II. - Foreign students began to study in our country after World
War II.
2. Our research Institute (organised, has organised) an expedition to the North recently. - Our research Institute has organised an expedition to the North recently.
1. Many astronauts form different countries (took (a), have taken (b)) part in space flights since the first international flight.
2. The great Russian scientist M. Lomonosov (founded (a), has founded(b)) the first Russian University in 1755.
3. In 1961 our country (made (a), has made (b)) great progress in the field of astronautics
5. The factory (increased (a), has increased (b)), its production since January.
6. Our society (created (a), has created (b)) all the conditions for the economic, political and cultural development of all nationalities.
7. In the second half of the 19-th century Yablochkov and Lodygin (carried out (a), have carried out (b)) a series of experiments in the field of Electricity.
Our scientists (made (a), have made (b)) great progress in Chemistry, Mathematics, Biology, Medicine and other fields of Science and Engineering.
Задание VII. Прочитайте следующие предложения и скажите, является ли подчеркнутое слово, оканчивающееся на ‘-ed’
1) сказуемым в прошедшем неопределенном времени;
2) определением, выраженным страдательным причастием.
Для этого отбросьте мысленно всю подчеркнутую группу слов и определите, есть ли в оставшейся части предложения сказуемое. Если есть, то слово с ‘-ed’ является определением. Если нет, то оно является сказуемым.
e.g. 1. Our country has all the minerals discovered on Earth.
2. The geologists discovered large deposits of gas in the Far North.
|
А. |
for the future specialists. |
|
2. Professor N. delivered lectures at Cambridge University. |
|
|
3. The heroic space flight carried out by the man opened a new era in the history of mankind. |
|
|
4. Henry Bacquerel, a French scientist, carried out experiments with radioactive elements. |
|
|
5. Peter I founded the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences in 1724. |
|
|
6. St. Petersburg founded by Peter I was Russia’s capital till 1918. |
|
7. The Russian scientist Mendeleyev arranged chemical elements in the order of their atomic weights. 8. Oxygen and hydrogen arranged in the Periodic System are very important elements. |
|
|
B. |
Прочитайте следующие предложения. Укажите, являются ли подчеркнутые в них слова сказуемым или определением. 1. The results of our research obtained in the laboratory helped us to solve a very important problem. 2. The Curies (Кюри) obtained a new radioactive element which they named radium”. 3. The scientists studied the properties of oxygen long ago. 4. Higher Mathematics, Physics, Strength of Materials, Drawing, Chemistry studied at the technical institutes are necessary for the future engineers. 5. The mixture of oxygen and hydrogen called water is a common substance. |
|
6. The builders accomplished the construction of a new hydropower station not long ago. The first space flight accomplished by Yuri Gagarin impressed the whole world. |
Задание VIII. Передайте письменно суть (основную идею) тех утверждений, в которых подчеркнутое слово является определением. Перепишите полностью те утверждения, в которых подчеркнутое слово является сказуемым.
e.g. 1. The conference devoted to the problem of space exploration will be held at the University in September. - The conference will be held at the University in September.
2. Academician Kurchatov devoted his life to the development of the Nuclear Physics. - Academician Kurchatov devoted his life to the development of the Nuclear Physics.
1. At the end of the 19-th century scientists discovered most of the chemical elements.
2. Organic Chemistry concerned with studying carbon compounds is a very important science.
3. Newton explained why all objects on Earth attracted one another.
4. Our University trained a lot of highly qualified specialists for the Food Industry last year.
5. Highly-qualified specialists trained at our Institutes and Universities work in various fields of the national economy of our country.
6. Mathematics applied to all branches of science is an important subject for technical students.
Sedov devoted his life to the conquest of the North Pole.
His life devoted to science was described in many books.
Задание IX. Составьте утверждения, выбрав соответствующие части из правой и левой колонки.
|
e.g. |
laboratory
laboratory of the University |
it was sent to a food enterprise. (1) was then sent to a food enterprise.(2) and then sent to a food enterprise.(3) |
|
A. |
1. The book was read by all the students of the group 2. The book read by all the students of the group
|
and then returned to the University library. (1) it was returned to the University library. (2) was then returned to the University library. (3) |
|
B. |
1. The properties of materials were thoroughly studied 2. The properties of the materials thoroughly studied 3. After the properties of materials were thoroughly studied |
they were used in the production of the new equipment. (1) were used in the production of the new equipment. (2) and then used in the production of the new equipment. (3) |
|
C. |
Russia was adopted
Russia adopted in 1994 |
was approved by all the citizens. (1) and approved by all the citizens. (2) it was approved by all the citizens.(3) |
|
D. |
1. The scientific conference was organised skilfully 2. The scientific conference skilfully organised
|
it was held at the University. (1) was then held at the University. (2) and then held at the University. (3) |
|
E. |
1. “Laughing-gas” was discovered by a famous English chemist Joseph Priestley in 1776 |
it was used in medicine. (1) |
|
2. After "laughing-gas" was discovered by a famous English chemist Joseph Priestley in 1776 3. “Laughing-gas” discovered by a famous English chemist Joseph Priestley in 1776 |
and used in medicine. (2) was used in medicine. (3) |
|
|
F. |
1. Space rockets were first tested on Earth 2. Space rockets first tested on Earth 3. After space rockets were tested on Earth |
were then launched into space. (1) they were launched into space. (2) and then launched into space. (3) |
|
G. |
1. The Periodic System of Elements was worked out by Mendeleyev in 1869
worked out by Mendeleyev in 1869
Elements was worked out by Mendeleyev in 1869 |
was then applied to discover new chemical elements. (1) it was applied to discover new chemical elements. (2) and then applied to discover new chemical elements. (3) |
|
H. |
|
they attracted the attention of the whole world. (1) and attracted the attention of the whole world. (2) attracted the attention of the whole world. (3) |
Задание X. Прочитайте следующие тексты и ответьте на вопросы после них.
t= 1,5 – 2’
Today English is the language of the world. Over 300 million people speak it as natives. The native speakers of English live in Great Britain, Australia, New Zealand and the United States of America. English is one of the official languages in the Irish Republic, Canada and in the former British and US colonies.
English is not only the national or official language of some thirty states which represent different cultures, but it is also the major international language of communication in such areas as science, technology, business and mass entertainment. English is one of the official languages of the United Nations organization and other political organizations. It is the language of literature, education, modern music, intentional tourism.
There is no universal or ideal method of learning languages. Everybody has his own way. But it is well known that reading books in the original, listening to the BBC news, communicating with the English-speaking people will help a lot. When learning a foreign language you learn the culture and history of the native speakers. One must work hard to learn any foreign language.
Questions
t=1.5-2
A university usually consists of colleges. The departments of the colleges are organised into faculties. University teaching in the UK differs greatly at both undergraduate and postgraduate levels from that in many other countries. An undergraduate program consists of a series of lectures, seminars, tutorials and laboratory classes. Students take series of lecture courses which may last either one academic term or the whole year.
Lectures are given to large groups of students (from 20 to 200). Seminars and tutorials take place in classes much smaller than lecture rooms and in some departments can be on a one to-one basis. Students prepare work for seminars and tutorials in advance. Lectures, seminars and tutorials are all one hour in length, laboratory classes last two or three hours.
The academic year consists of three terms. Formal teaching takes place the first two terms which last for twenty for weeks in total. The third term is reserved for classes and examinations and lasts for six weeks.
Universities teach all major subject areas: Arts, Science, Law, Engineering, Medicine, Social Sciences.
University degree courses extend from three to four years. After three years of study a university graduate will leave with the Degree of Bachelor of Arts or Science. He can continue to take his Master’s Degree and then the Doctor’s Degree.
Questions
t =1,5-2
C. Chemists from various countries have made great contribution to the development of Medicine. Anaesthesia is the result of their work. At the end of the 18-th century a prominent English chemist Joseph Priestley discovered a gas. He called it “laughing-gas” because people began to laugh after inhailing it. “Laughing-gas” was brought to America. An American doctor, Dr.Wells, noticed that when inhailing this gas people didn’t feel the pain. He decided to carry out an experiment on himself and asked one of his friends to be his assistant. Wells inhaled some of the gas and his friend pulled out one of his teeth. Wells didn't feel any pain. After that Wells decided to try this on his patient. But the doctor didn’t know much about the substance. He gave too much, so his patient died.
After this case the scientists started trying other gases. Ether was among them. With the help of the others a famous English doctor Robert Liston cut off a patient’s leg. It took him only one minute and his patient didn’t feel any pain. But ether turned out to became vapour too fast. The scientists began to experiment with mixtures of ether and other chemical substances. That's the way chloroform was obtained. The gas has been so effective that it is still used in the surgeries nowadays.
Questions:
1. When have the doctors started using anaesthesia?
2. Who discovered “laughing-gas”?
3. Why did Well’s patient die?
4. Do doctors use pure ether as an anaesthetic now?
Раздел 3
Формы и функции причастия и герундия.
Сигналы: 1. предшествования - having
2. пассива - being, been
Задание I. Определите, какое английское причастие соответствует
заданным словам на русском языке. (см. Таблицу З, с.30)
a) e.g. 1. использующий а) used
b) using
1-b
b) e.g. 1. используя а) having used
2. использовав b) using
1-b, 2-a
|
a) |
1. переведенный |
а) translated b) translating |
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2. очищающий |
a) refined b)refining |
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3.полученный |
a) obtaining b) obtained |
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4. читающий |
a) reading b) read |
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5. начатый |
a) beginning b) begun |
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6. развивающий |
a) developed b)developing |
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7. измененный |
a) changing b) changed |
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8.запускающй |
a) launching b) launched |
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b) |
1.1. приводя к 2. приведя к |
a) having resulted in b) resulting in |
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2.1. посетив 2. посещая |
a) attending b) having attended |
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3.1. обеспечивая 2. обеспечив |
a) providing b) having provided |
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4.1. улучшив 2. улучшая |
a) improving b) having improved |
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5.1. решая 2. решив |
а) solving b) having solved |
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6.1. запустив 2. запуская |
a) launching b) having launched |
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7.1. превращая 2. превратив |
a) having transformed b) transforming |
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8.1. смешав 2. смешивая |
a) having mixed b) mixing |
Задание II. Укажите соответствующий эквивалент ing-формы. (см. Таблицы 3,4, с.30, 32)
|
e.g. |
improving the system engineers ... |
а) улучшение б) улучшая в) улучшающий |
|
|
Таблица 3 |
||
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Определение |
The student reading is my friend. Читающий студент – мой друг. The method used was very important. Применяемый метод был важен. The house being built in our street will be a new school. Дом, строящийся на нашей улице, будет новой школой. |
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[When/While] reading the story he remembered his youth. |
||||
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Обстоятельство |
Когда он читал этот рассказ, Читая этот рассказ, При чтении этого рассказа |
он вспомнил свою м молодость. |
||
Причастие |
Water becomes ice when cooled to 0 C. Охлаждаясь до 0 С, вода превращается в лед. При охлаждении до 0 С вода превращается в лед. Вода превращается в лед, когда охлаждается до 0 С. Having written the letter she mailed it. Написав письмо, она отправила его. |
to be + PI (Continuous) |
He was carrying out an experiment when I came in. Он проводил эксперимент, когда я вошел. |
Часть простого глагольного сказуемого |
to have + PII (Perfect) |
They have just fulfilled the task. Они только что выполнили задание. |
to be + PII (Passive) |
This book was much spoken about. Об этой книге много говорили. |
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1. mixing the substance is ... |
а) смешивая б) смешивающий в) смешивание |
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2. the student studying for the exams ... |
а)подготовка б) готовящийся в) готовясь |
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3. launching the sputnik was ... |
а) запускающий б) запуская в) запуск |
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4. solving the problems he ... |
а) решение б) решая в) решающий |
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5. workers refining sugar ... |
а) очищающие б) очищая в) очистка |
|
6. heating rubber is ... |
а) нагревая б) нагревающий в) нагревание |
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7. delivering the lecture the scientist |
а) чтение б) читая в) читающий |
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8. the operator working out the program ... |
а) разработка б) разрабатывая в) разрабатывающий |
Задание III. Выразите правильно на английском языке мысль автора.
e.g. Написав письмо, она отправила его.
(а) Writing b) Having written) the letter she mailed it.
— b
|
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Таблица 4 |
|
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подлежащее |
Reading is useful. Читать полезно Чтение полезно |
часть составного именногосказуемого |
Our aim is reading English well. Наша цель – хорошо читать по-английски. |
|
часть составного глагольного сказуемого |
He began reading the text. Он начал читать текст. Он начал чтение текста. |
Герундий |
прямое дополнение |
He likes reading books. Он любит читать книги. Он любит чтение книг. |
|
|
предложное дополнение |
всегда с предлогом |
He thought of reading this book. Он думал о том, чтобы прочитать эту книгу. |
определение |
всегда с предлогом |
There are many ways of translating Gerund into Russian. Есть много способов перевода герундия на русский язык. |
обстоятельство |
всегда с предлогом |
After reading this book he returned it to me. Прочитав эту книгу, он вернул ее мне. |
|
A. |
1. Сдав все экзамены, он уехал в Киев. (а) Having passed b)Passing) all the exams he left for Kiev. |
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2. Решая новые задачи, ученые проводят большую исследовательскую работу. (a) Having solved, b) solving) new problems scientists do a lot of research. |
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3. Предсказав существование нескольких неизвестных элементов, Менделеев описал их свойства. (a) Foretelling, b) Having foretold) the existence of some unknown elements Mendeleyev described their properties. |
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b) Having obtained) a new element the Curies called it “radium”. |
|
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5. Укрепляя свои поселения, римляне окружали их мощными стенами. (а) Fortifying, b) Having fortified) their settlements the Romans surrounded them with massive walls. |
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6. Решив главную задачу, ученый сделал доклад о своих исследованиях. (a)Having solved, b) Solving) the main problem the scientist delivered a report on his research. |
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7. Изучая химические элементы, Менделеев разделил их на девять групп. (a) Having studied, b) Studying) the chemical elements Mendeleyev divided them into nine groups. |
|
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8. Получая новые данные, ученые приближаются к решению многих проблем. (a) Being obtained, b) Obtaining) new data the scientists approach the solution of many problems. |
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B. |
1. Проведя ряд экспериментов, ученый получил новые данные. (a)Carrying out, b) Having carried out) a number of experiments the scientist obtained new data. 2. Делегация, которую принимают сейчас в нашем институте, прибыла из Оксфорда. The delegation (a) receiving, b) being received ) at our Institute now came from Oxford. |
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3. Строительство новых домов улучшит условия жизни людей. (a)Being built, b) Building) new houses will improve the living conditions of people. |
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4. Принимая гостей из Оксфордa, мы показали им наш институт. (a)Receiving, b) Being received) the guests from Oxford we showed them our Institute. |
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5. Эксперимент, проводимый в лаборатории, имеет большое значение. The experiment (a) making, b) being made) in the laboratory is of great importance. |
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6. Увеличение подачи тепла увеличивает скорость реакции. (a)Increasing, b) Being increased ) the supply of heat increases the rate of reaction. |
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7. Кислород, используемый во многих отраслях науки, известен с 18 века. Oxygen (a) using, b) being used ) in many fields of science has been known since the 18th century. |
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8. Знать иностранный язык необходимо каждому инженеру. (a) Being known, b) Knowing ) a foreign language is necessary for every engineer. |
Задание IV. Решите, какая форма причастия соответствует смыслу данных утверждений.
e.g. London (a) dividing, b) divided ) by the river Thames into two parts
forms the East End and the West End.
— (b)
the lunar surface.
living conditions.
Moon.
the Southern border of England.
many branches of science and industry.
Задание V. Перефразируйте следующие утверждения, используя
причастный оборот вместо придаточного предложения.
Помните: Союз, вводящий обстоятельственное придаточное предложение,
сохраняется в причастном обороте с Причастием II.
|
e.g. |
1. The increase in volume that follows the rise of temperature is typical in most cases. The increase in volume following the rise of temperature is typical in most cases. |
|
2. When the students read foreign journals they use dictionary. When reading foreign journals students use dictionary. |
|
|
3. When the mixture was heated it changed it colour. When heated the mixture changed its colour. |
Medicine.
Задание VI. Составьте утверждения, подобрав к окончанию
соответствующее начало из левой колонки.
|
e.g. |
a) Raising the temperature ... b) Being raised the temperature ... c) Raising the temperature is .. |
we increase the total vapour pressure. |
|
1. a) Having stirred the mixture ... b) Stirring the mixture ... c) After stirring the mixture ... |
accelerates the reaction. |
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|
2. a) Heated ice ... b) Being heated ice ... c) Heating ice ... |
we change it into water. |
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3. a) Coloured ... b) Colouring ... c) Having coloured ... |
glass contains compounds of some metals. |
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4. a) Being made calculations were ... b) Having made accurate calculations ... c) Accurately made calculations ... |
Newton established the true size of the Earth in 1672. |
|
combined ... b) Being obtained, molecules of several polymers ... |
we obtain polymers with new properties. |
|
|
c) By combining molecules of several polymers ... |
||
“Principia” was ... b) Having finished the first part of “Principia”... c) Being finished, the first part of his “Principia”... |
Newton put off its publishing. |
|
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7. a) Heating polyethylene to about 15°F ... b) Polyethylene heated to about 15°F... c) Having heated polyethylene to about 15°F... |
results in transformation of crystals. |
|
|
8. a) Discovering polyethylene in 1933 ... b) Polyethylene discovered in 1933 ... c) Having discovered polyethylene in 1933 ... |
is one of the simplest plastics. |
Задание VII. Прочитайте следующие тексты. Из предлагаемых после текста словосочетаний составьте утверждения, соответствующие содержанию каждого текста.
t = 1.0’-1.5’
A. Polymers comprise as great variety of synthetic substances produced from chemicals. A typical instance of polymers is plastics; when moulded under heat and pressure they can take any form and are in wide use in industry and household.
Much effort is being made to develop polymers withstanding high temperatures and remaining unaltered for long periods of time. For instance, in order to protect certain types of rubbers from the influence of ozone destroying some of their properties, wax is added to them. The introduction of aluminium, cobalt and other elements into the molecules of polymers can produce a material resembling minerals in their properties, able to withstand temperature changes. Research into these problems is of great theoretical and practical interest.
|
1. Polymers can take any form |
a) when frozen. b) when moulded under heat and pressure. c) when moulded under heat. |
|
2. Ozone is |
a) harmful for certain types of rubber. b) harmless for certain types of rubber. |
|
3. When metals are introduced into the molecules of polymers they can produce |
a) rubber. b) minerals. c) materials resembling minerals. |
t = 1.0’-1.5’
B. Water is a chemical compound containing oxygen and hydrogen. Water is necessary for the existence of humans, animals and plants, as every living thing contains large amounts of water. Being a solvent of most substances it is widely used in Chemistry and Medicine. When used in engineering its great resistance to compression enables it to transmit enormous power. When we drink water it also immediately passes through our system, and the body is purified of poison. When heated water changes into an invisible gas; freezing it we get a solid block of crystals. When evaporated it forms clouds and falls on the ground as either rain or
snow. The soil absorbs the water appearing on the surface in the form of streams and a new cycle of evaporation begins again.
|
1. Water transmits enormous power |
a) when it is used in Chemistry. b) when it is used in Medicine. c) when it is used in Engineering. |
|
2. We get a solid block of crystals |
a) when water is frozen. b) when water is evaporated c) when water is heated. |
t = 1.0’
C. The conversion of an element into oxide by direct combination with oxygen is the simplest case of oxidation. When heated in the open air copper is oxidised on the surface to copper oxide. Oxygen may also be combined with a compound already containing some oxygen. Thus, heating barium oxide in air and converting it into barium dioxide is also an example of oxidation.
The process reverse to oxidation (the removal of oxygen from a compound containing it) is called reduction. When copper oxide is converted into copper, by passing hydrogen over the heated oxide, it means that the copper oxide is reduced to copper. This is the meaning of the terms reduction and oxidation (redox).
|
1. a) Oxidation is a process of b) Reduction is a process of |
1. removing oxygen from a compound. 2. adding oxygen to an element or a compound. |
|
2. During oxidation oxygen may be added |
a) only to a compound. b) to an element or a compound. c) only to an element. |
t = 1.5’-2.0’
D. Glass is one of the oldest manufactured products. It is made by melting together sodium carbonate, sand and lime or limestone. Coloured glass contains compounds of some of the metals: iron compounds make green glass, cobalt - blue. When the essential glass materials are not pure the glass often comes out coloured.
The conversion of raw materials into glass requires thorough mixing and a very hot fire for several hours or even days. The excavators have uncovered furnaces1 capable of producing temperatures of 2000°F and dating from 3000 BC. These furnaces were used in making glass for beads2 or other objects.
By 1450 BC the Egyptians were making small toilet table objects out of coloured glass. About 300 BC glass dishes appeared in Alexandria. These dishes and other vessels were made by pressing the hot glass into moulds.
Glass blowing invented about 100 BC increased the number of shapes that could have been made. During the Age of the Roman Empire glass dishes were common. Romans were first to start using glass in windows. Some of the window glass was clear and some was coloured, but all of it was very expensive. And only a thousand years later the use of glass in the windows has become general practice.
|
1. When the raw material for making glass is not pure |
a) the glass is clear. b) the glass is of low quality. c) the glass is coloured. |
|
2. Furnaces uncovered by excavators were capable to produce temperature of |
a) 2000°F. b) 1450°F. c) 3000°F. |
|
3. Glass in the windows was first used |
a) long before the Roman Empire. b) at the time of Roman Empire. c) 100 years ago. |
Задание VIII. Переведите письменно текст, пользуясь словарем.
One of the earliest known chemical processes was the refining of salt, a thriving industry by 1000 BC. Salt occurs in several parts of the world in a solid form known as rock salt. It is also in the ocean water, water from wells and so on.
Rock salt is nearly pure salt, but if the ocean water is evaporated the remaining salt has a strong bitter taste.
Common salt is refined by dissolving it in water, filtering the obtained solution and then evaporating the water. As the water is being evaporated the salt settles out in a nearly pure form. The process is very old, but is still in use.
Ирина Викторовна Монахова
Татьяна Георгиевна Мордвинцева
Валентина Анатольевна Стороженко
Татьяна Андреевна Стремовская
Считка и редакция авторские
1 furnaces - печи
2 beads - бусы