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Sound imaging: clever acoustics help blind people see the world
Key words: obstacle, three-dimensional, apparently, to transform, acoustic map, to conceive, to navigate, to incorporate, trial, to pinpoint, commercially viable, product, to complement, aids.
Do the written translation
1)
Video from portable cameras is analyzed to calculate the distance of obstacles and predict the movements of people and cars. This information is then transformed and relayed to a blind person as a three-dimensional “picture” of sound. The concept is apparently simple and two prototypes have been successfully tested. Laser and digital video cameras become the eyes for the blind man and see the objects and activity going on around him.
Researchers from the University of Bristol have developed powerful real-time image processing and some clever algorithms to then identify objects and obstacles, such as trees, street furniture, vehicles and people. The system uses the stereo images to create a “depth map” for calculating distances. The system can also analyze moving objects and predict where they are going.
So much for the image processing, but how do you present this visual information to a blind person? Technology developed at the University of Laguna in Spain makes it possible to transform spatial information into three-dimensional acoustic maps.
A blind person wears headphones and hears how sounds change as they move around. The stereo audio system makes it possible to place sounds so that the brain can interpret them as a point in space.
Sounds get louder as you walk towards objects, quieter as you move away. Objects to your right are heard on your right, and if you move your head the sound moves too. And if something is heading right for you, you’ll hear it coming, with a tone that tells you to get out of the way.
The full picture
The EU-funded CASBLiP project was conceived to integrate the image processing and acoustic mapping technologies into a single, portable device that could be worn by blind people and help them to navigate outdoors.
The University of Laguna worked to adapt its acoustic mapping system and the University of Bristol refined its image processing algorithms. The device also incorporates a gyroscopic sensor developed by the University of Marche, Italy. This component, called the head-positioning sensor, detects how the wearer moves his head. It feeds back the position of the head and the direction it is facing, so that the relative position of the sounds being played to the wearer also move as expected. For example, if you turn your head towards a sound on the right, the sound must move left towards the centre of the sound picture.
2)
Vision for the future
After three years, the consortium has produced two prototype devices mounted on a helmet. They have been tested successfully in trials by blind people in several real-world environments, including busy streets. Two blind institutions (the German Federation of the Blind and Partially Sighted and the Francesco Cavazza Institute, Italy) were heavily involved in the testing programme.
The first design (M1) uses a laser sensor developed by Siemens and originally intended to detect passengers in cars. It can calculate the distance to objects within 0 to 5m in a 60° field of view. The system is
mounted inside glasses and cannot be seen by others because it uses infrared light. The M1 has been extensively tested by blind users who are able to recognize items, such as chairs and trees, from the sound picture they receive. A second version (M2) adds two digital video cameras to either side of a helmet. It can detect moving objects and predict their path.
The University of Marche has also worked closely with the Cavazza Institute to build a complementary GPS location system. This technology could be used to pinpoint the location of a blind person and integrate the device with additional data sources, such as mapping services. It could provide the wearer with verbal directions to their destination.
“We know that the technology works”, says Guillermo Peris-Fajarnés, who coordinated the project from the Research Group on Graphic Technologies at the Universidad Politecnica de Valencia. “Our tests have been very successful and blind people have been able to navigate comfortably in controlled tests and even along a normal street”. “There is still a lot of development work to do before this could go on the market, especially to prove that the system is 100% reliable”, Peris-Fajarnés notes. “You can’t risk it going wrong while a user is crossing the road”. He says the consortium has decided to continue work on this aspect beyond the end of the EU funding period.
Nevertheless, Peris-Fajarnés is confident that the device could be commercialized: “We are now looking for manufacturing partners to explore the possibilities for a commercially viable product. There’s no other system like this available and it should complement existing aids, such as the white stick. But its commercial success will depend on miniaturizing the system and mounting the cameras onto glasses”.
I) Answer the questions:
II) Read the text again. Underline the participles. Discuss their use.
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Participles I II |
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Active |
Passive |
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Present |
writing |
being written |
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Perfect |
having written |
having been written |
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Past |
— |
written |
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Как переводить разные формы причастия на русский язык | |
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Формы причастия |
Как их переводить |
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причастием |
деепричастием |
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reading |
читающий |
читая |
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having read |
______ |
прочитав |
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being read |
читаемый (т. е. который читают) |
будучи читаемым (т. е. когда его читали), будучи прочитан ным (т. е. когда его прочитали) |
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having been read |
_____ |
будучи прочитан ным (т. е. когда его прочитали) |
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read |
прочитанный |
______
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Обратите внимание на способы перевода на английский язык русских причастий и деепричастий |
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Причастие -j |
действи тельный залог |
несовершенный вид |
бросающий, бросавший |
throwing |
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совершенный вид |
бросивший |
нельзя1 |
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страда тельный залог |
несовершенный вид |
бросаемый |
being thrown |
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совершенный вид |
брошенный |
thrown |
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| Деепричастие |
действи тельный залог |
несовершенный вид |
бросая |
throwing |
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совершенный вид |
бросив |
having thrown |
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страда тельный залог |
несовершенный вид |
будучи бросаемым |
being thrown |
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совершенный вид |
будучи брошенным |
being thrown having being thrown |
1 Действительное причастие совершенного вида (а также не совершенного вида прошедшего времени) может быть переведено на английский язык только придаточным определительным предложением (who threw, who has thrown, who had thrown)
1. Переведите следующие русские при частия и деепричастия на английский язык.
Приносящий, принесенный, принося, принеся, переводящий, переведенный, переводя, переведя, давая, написав, читающий, берущий, данный, про читав, сделанный, пьющий, сказанный, будучи по терянным, нарисовав, написавший, делая, взятый, взяв, рисуя, выпитый, сделав, идя, пишущий, про читанный, дав, рисующий, делающий, нарисован ный, выпив, говорящий, беря, написанный, читая, идущий, дающий, сказав, сидевший, посмотрев, будучи забыт, строящий, строящийся, играя, по играв, рассказанный, рассказавший, видя, принес ший, будучи принесенным, построенный, продав.
2. Раскройте скобки, употребляя требующуюся форму причастия.
1. (to translate) by a good specialist, the story preserved all the sparkling humour of the original. 2. (to approve) by the critics, the young au thor's story was accepted by a thick magazine. 3. (to wait) for some time in the hall, he was invit ed into the drawing-room. 4. (to wait) in the hall, he thought over the problem he was planning to discuss with the old lady. 5. They reached the oa sis at last, (to walk) across the endless desert the whole day. 6. (to lie) down on the soft couch, the exhausted child fell asleep at once. 7. She went to work, (to leave) the child with the nurse. 8. (to phone) the agency, he left (to say) he would be back in two hours. 9. (to write) in very bad hand writing, the letter was difficult to read. 10. (to write) his first book, he could not help worrying about the reaction of the critics. 11. (to spend) twenty years abroad, he was happy to be coming home. 12. (to be) so far away from home, he still felt himself part of the family. 13. She looked at the enormous bunch of roses with a happy smile, never (to give) such a wonderful present. 14. (not to wish) to discuss that difficult and painful prob lem, he changed the conversation.
3. Замените выделенные части пред ложений причастными оборотами. Изменяйте конструкцию предложения, где необходимо.
1. When he arrived at the railway station, he bought a ticket, walked to the platform and board ed the train. 2. As he was promised help, he felt quieter. 3. After he was shown in, he was told to take off his coat and wait for a while. 4. Robinson started the building of the house at once and finished it before the season of rains set in. 5. He poured out a cup of coffee, sat down in an arm chair and looked at the woman who was sitting opposite him. 6. When he had left the house and was crossing the street, he suddenly stopped as he remembered that he had forgotten to phone his friend. 7. He looked at me and hesitated: he did not know what to say. 8. As he had long lived in those parts and knew the place very well, he eas ily found his way to the market-place. 9. He has no language problems, because he has been study ing English for a long time. 10 After I had writ ten this exercise, I began to doubt whether it was correct. 11. Take care when you cross the street. 12. Students should always be attentive while they are listening to the lecturer. 13. There are many students who study music. 14. Don't you feel tired after you have walked so much?