Если у вас возникли сложности с курсовой, контрольной, дипломной, рефератом, отчетом по практике, научно-исследовательской и любой другой работой - мы готовы помочь.
Предоплата всего
Подписываем
Министерство образования Республики Беларусь
Белорусский институт правоведения
ПО АНГЛИЙСКОМУ ЯЗЫКУ
ДЛЯ СТУДЕНТОВ ЗАОЧНОЙ ФОРМЫ ОБУЧЕНИЯ
ПО СПЕЦИАЛЬНОСТИ «ПРАВОВЕДЕНИЕ»
Общая цель обучения иностранному языку неязыкового ВУЗа является комплексной, включающей в себя практическую (коммуникативную), образовательную и воспитательную цели, которые находятся в тесном взаимодействии с задачами подготовки студентов по основной специальности.
Эта цель осуществляется путем формирования у студентов необходимых языковых и речевых умений в чтении, аудировании, говорении, письме, переводе, обеспечивая им в конечном итоге:
а) овладение необходимым запасом лексики по специальности;
б) общение в условиях иноязычной среды (учебно-профессиональное, повседневно-бытовое и культурное);
в) возможность использования иностранного языка при переводе, в общении с иностранными коллегами, при реферировании текстов, в работе в совместных и иностранных фирмах.
Пособие ставит своей целью осуществление контроля уровня знаний лексико-грамматического материала, предусмотренного действующей программой для неязыковых ВУЗов по специальности "правоведение".
Перед каждой контрольной работой студентам предлагаются грамматические темы, которые они должны проработать по учебнику грамматики английского языка.
Каждый вариант контрольной содержит, помимо заданий лексико-грамматического характера, текст с заданиями на его понимание (перевод, ответы на вопросы).
Пособие может быть использовано как на заочном, так и на дневном отделениях.
ВЫПОЛНЕНИЕ И ОФОРМЛЕНИЕ ПИСЬМЕННЫХ КОНТРОЛЬНЫХ РАБОТ
1. Количество контрольных работ, выполняемых на каждом курсе, устанавливается учебным планом высшего учебного заведения. Срок выполнения и отправки на проверку каждой работы указывается в графике, который выдается на руки каждому студенту.
2. Контрольные работы в пособии предлагаются в пяти вариантах. Студент обязан выполнить один из вариантов. Остальные варианты могут быть использованы в качестве дополнительного материала при подготовке к зачету или экзамену.
3. Выполнять письменные контрольные работы следует в отдельной тетради.
Титульный лист
Белорусский
Институт Правоведения
Гродненский филиал
Контрольная работа
по английскому языку N...
(вариант …)
Фамилия, имя, отчество
Преподаватель:
Дата:
4. Контрольные работы должны быть написаны аккуратным, четким почерком. При выполнении контрольной работы оставляйте в тетради широкие поля для замечаний, объяснений и методических указаний рецензента.
Материал в контрольной работе следует располагать в тетради по следующему образцу:
Выполнение заданий (на развороте листа)
|
Текст задания |
Выполнение задания |
Поля |
|
|
Пример: 4. Use the Perfect tenses of the verbs in brackets: 1. I (to wait) for this letter for two weeks. |
1. I have been waiting for this letter for two weeks. |
5. Контрольные задания должны быть выполнены в той последовательности, в какой они представлены в тексте задания. Контрольные работы, выполненные небрежно, неаккуратно, в неправильной последовательности или не-полностью, неправильно оформленные, а также неверные варианты работ, возвращаются студенту без проверки.
6. К выполнению контрольной работы следует приступать только после усвоения разделов грамматики (грамматических явлений), знание которых необходимо для правильного выполнения контрольной работы.
ИСПРАВЛЕНИЕ РАБОТЫ НА ОСНОВЕ РЕЦЕНЗИИ
1. По получении проверенной контрольной работы внимательно прочитайте рецензию, ознакомьтесь с замечаниями рецензента и проанализируйте отмеченные в работе ошибки.
2. Руководствуясь указаниями рецензента, проработайте заново не вполне усвоенный Вами материал. Все предложения, в которых были допущены орфографические или грамматические ошибки или неточности перевода, перепишите набело в исправленном виде в конце данной контрольной работы.
3. Если Вы не допущены к собеседованию по контрольной работе, переделайте ее целиком и пришлите на повторное рецензирование.
4. Отрецензированные контрольные работы являются учебными документами, которые необходимо сохранять; помните о том, что во время зачета или экзамена производится "защита контрольной работы" (проверка усвоения материала, вошедшего в контрольные работы).
5. Обращайтесь к своему рецензенту за письменной или устной консультацией по вызывающему у Вас затруднения вопросу, который Вы самостоятельно решить не можете.
Неправильное оформление работы является основанием для возврата работы без проверки!
SEMESTER 1
Для успешного выполнения контрольной работы N1 необходимо изучить следующий грамматический материал:
Present Indefinite - Present Continuous
Past Indefinite - Past Continuous
Verbs to be, to have
Modal verbs: must, can
Noun: singular and plural forms (countable), articles with countable nouns
Adjectives: degrees of comparison
TEST 1 (Variant A)
1. Read the text:
THOMAS JEFFERSON
Possibly no other man has influenced the institutions of government in the United States as much as Thomas Jefferson. He was the author of the American Declaration of Independence, supporter of the Bill of Rights, founder of one of the two major political parties through which the people of the United States govern themselves, and third President of the United States.
He was born at Shadwell, Virginia, on April 13, 1743. His father, Peter Jefferson, was a successful planter who bore an honoured name in the community, and his mother belonged to the aristocratic Randolphs, one of the oldest families in Virginia. (1) Jefferson graduated from William and Mary College in Virginia in 1762, chose law as his profession, and became extremely successful.
Jefferson began his political career as a member of the Virginia House of Burgesses in 1769. It was here that he became known as a strong liberal with democratic ideas. (2) He believed that political power should remain with the common people, and he supported freedom of religion and freedom of the press. Jefferson’s support of the rights of the American colonists led to his appointment to the Second Continental Congress in 1775 and 1776. It was there in Philadelphia that the 13 colonies decided to struggle for their independence. (3) Thomas Jefferson was one of the committee to prepare a declaration. After debate and some changes the Declaration of Independence was adopted on July 4, 1776 - a date now observed annually as the birthday of the United States.
In September 1776 Jefferson returned home where he was elected to the Virginia House of Delegates. (4) In June 1779 he became Governor of Virginia. In 1783 Jefferson was elected a Virginia delegate to the United States Congress. In 1785 he succeeded Benjamin Franklin as Minister to France. In 1789 Jefferson received an offer from President George Washington to take the job of Secretary of State. During this period Jefferson organised a group of people, who soon called themselves “Republicans”.
*In 1796 he was recalled to take the job of Vice-President under President John Adams. Four years later, in 1800, Jefferson was elected for the first of his two consecutive terms as President. (5) One of his most important achievements as President was the purchase of the Louisiana Territory from Napoleon. It doubled the area of the United States of that day and gave the country 17 new states.
At the end of his second term he decided to retire to private life and returned to his family, his books and his lands at Monticello. Jefferson spent there 17 last years of his life. (6) His last public service was the founding of the University of Virginia. He planned its buildings, outlined its course of study, watched its development.
Death came for this architect of freedom on July 4, 1826, at the age of 83 - the 50th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence.
2. Translate the marked (*) paragraph in writing.
3. Using the underlined words and word combinations translate the following sentences into English:
a) Декларация была принята единогласно.
б) Моя сестра получила предложение работать в рекламном агентстве.
в) Институты власти созданы для управления простыми людьми.
г) Политическая карьера предполагает служение обществу.
д) Конституция гарантирует свободу вероисповеданий и свободу печати.
е) Президент не может быть избран более чем на два срока.подряд.
4. Put questions to the numbered in the text sentences using prompts:
(1) When ...? What profession ...?
(2) What ...? General question.
(3) Who ...? Disjunctive question.
(4) When ...?
(5) What ...?
(6) Alternative question.
5. Use Present Indefinite, Present Continuous, Past Indefinite or Past Continuous form of the verbs in brackets:
1. Excuse me, I (to look) for a phone box. Is there one near here? 2. When I (to clean) the house, I (to find) some old letters. 3. The swimming pool ( to open) at 9.00 and (to close) at 18.30 every day. 4. When I (to look) out of the window, I (to see) that it (to rain). 5. The number of people without jobs (to increase) at the moment. 6. The sun (to rise) in the east. 7. I can’t visit you on Saturday, I (to work). 8. The doorbell (to ring) when I (to have) a bath. 9. This time last year I (to travel) in France. 10. We (to leave) the party about 11.00 last night. 11. Tom (to burn) his hand when he (to cook) dinner yesterday. 12. You (to make) a lot of noise. Can you be a bit quieter? 13. She (to go) to sleep while I (to tell) her about my holidays. 14. I have a car, but I (not/ to use) it very often.
6. Use the verbs can and must in the correct forms:
1. He ... play tennis well now, but he ... play well when he was younger. 2. It took them much time but they ... to cross the river. 3. Well, it’s 10 o’clock now. I ... go if I don’t want to be late. 4. Sorry, I’m late. I ... visit my granny in the hospital and ... catch a taxi to get here on time. 5. The police chased the thief but he ... escape. 6. Do not worry, we ... fix the car, I’m sure. 7. You ... write the balance till Monday, otherwise you’ll be fired! 8. When he entered the room he ... smell the smoke of cigars.
7. Insert articles where necessary:
1. What about going to ... cinema tonight? 2. Ann has got ... blue eyes. 3. Ann got ... job she applied for. 4. This morning I bought ... newspaper and ... magazine. 5. My sister is ... good pupil. She works at ... English language hard. 6. I took ... taxi to ... station. 7. We went to ... most expensive restaurant . 8. ... rose is my favourite flower. 9. My brother can play ... guitar very well. 10. ... French are famous for their food. 11. Could you close ... door, please? 12. ...children learn quickly. 13. Wait! ... room is not vacant, there are ... students in there.
8. Use the correct form of the adjectives:
1. This jacket is too small. I need a (large) size. 2. Her illness turned out to be (serious) than we had thought. 3. What is (long) river in the world? 4. He is (good) runner in our institute. 5. This test is (easy) than the next one. 6. What item is (difficult) for discussion in the agenda today? 7. He has chosen (bad) way possible to solve this problem. 8. My visit to London is (bright) recollection of my life. 9. As usual he takes (little) part of work assigned to the team.
TEST 1 (Variant B)
1. Read the text:
ABRAHAM LINCOLN
People of the United States regard Abraham Lincoln as one of the greatest leaders in the history of their country.
He was born in the year 1809 in the American state of Kentucky, in a family of poor farmers. When it was possible, the family sent him to a local school. (1)During whole his life, however, he had less than one year of formal education. Nevertheless, through natural ability, determination, and study at home, he became one of the most learned men in the world of his time.
In 1831, at the age of 22, Lincoln left the family farm to make a life of his own. (2)Success did not come quickly or easily. For a short time he was a soldier. Then he ran for political office and lost. Next he tried business and failed. (3)After his unfortunate experience with business, he decided to study law at home, and he became a successful lawyer.
*In 1834 he ran for political office again. This time he was elected to the legislature of the state Illinois. (4)In 1846 Lincoln first ran for national office as a candidate for the House of Representatives of the USA. He won the election and served in Congress from 1847 to 1849, but his party did not renominated him for the second term. In 1860 the Republican Party chose him as its nominee to the United States Presidency. (5)By that time he was famous because of his position against slavery. He won the election, and was the first President from the young Republican Party. (6)Lincoln became President of the United States at the moment of the nation’s greatest crisis, when national unity was threatened because of divided opinion on the question of slavery between the southern states and the rest of the country. Despite the best efforts of Lincoln to preserve peace, war came: Civil War, the war that nearly destroyed the nation. By the end of his presidency slavery had been abolished forever in the nation.
When peace came on April 9, 1865, a new happier life seemed to have begun for him and for the nation. But for Lincoln that new life did not last long. On April 14, 1865, he was shot by an assassin while sitting in a theatre with his wife. The next day he was dead - only six days after the peace.
His body was sent by train for burial in the state of Illinois. At all hours of the day and night, in all kinds of weather, millions of Americans across the country stood along the rail-road tracks, waiting to pay their last respects to the man who had led them so well and who would live forever in their hearts.
а) Его не избрали на второй срок.
б) Несмотря на самый серьезный кризис депутатам удалось найти решение.
в) Формально рабство в России было отменено в 1861 году.
г) Законодательный орган страны избирается каждые 4 года.
д) Политическая стабильность страны находится под угрозой.
е) Профсоюз выдвинул его кандидатом в законодательное собрание.
ж) Террорист произвел три выстрела, два из которых достигли цели.
4. Put questions to the numbered in the text sentences using prompts:
(1) What ...? Alternative question.
(2) Disjunctive question.
(3) When ...? What ... ?
(4) What office ... ? General question.
(5) Why ...?
(6) When ...?
5. Use Present Indefinite, Present Continuous, Past Indefinite or Past Continuous form of the verbs in brackets:
1. We can’t go out yet. It (to rain) hard. 2. I (to be) hungry, so I (to buy) something to eat in the shop. 3. Usually she (to get up) rather late, but tomorrow morning she (to get up) very early. Her train (to leave) at 7.30 in the morning. 4. As far as I remember he (to arrive) last Sunday. 5. Look! Somebody (to climb) up the hill! 6. I (to take) shower when you (to phone) me. 7. The football match (to start) at 19.00. 8. I (not/to tell) anybody about it. 9. Tom (not/to shave) this morning because he (not/to have) time. 10. He (to smoke) a lot, about a pack a day. 11. He is still ill but he (to get) better slowly. 12. I (not/to work) this week. I (to be) on holidays. 13. She (not/to be) interested in the book because she (not/to understand) it.
6. Use the verbs can and must in the correct forms:
1 ... you tell me the way to the airport? 2. My English is very bad. I ... have some lessons to write a test. 3. It’s my day off, so I ... get up as early as usual. 4. The boy fell into the river but fortunately we ... rescue him. 5. Children ... be left home alone. 6. ... you really introduce me to him? 7. She ... cook dinner yesterday. 8. He ... do it very well 10 years ago, he ... do it now and he ... do it in ten years, I’m sure. 9. You ... type the report yourself, your secretary ... do it for you. 10. We tried hard but we ... persuade him. 11. You ... touch that switch, it’s dangerous.
7. Insert articles where necessary:
1. … dog is ... animal. 2. My sister plays ... piano beautifully. 3. Tim flies ... aeroplanes. He is ... pilot. 4. ... Radio was invented by Russian engineer Popov. 5. Wait! ... room is not vacant, there are ... students in there. 6. In the morning Bill received ... very serious ... letter from ... boss. Now he is writing ... reply letter. 7. I took ... taxi to ... station. 8. Have you got ... camera? 9. What do you usually have for ... dinner? 10. ... earth goes round ... sun.
8. Use the correct form of the adjectives:
1. I don’t play chess well now. I used to play (good) when I trained (hard). 2. This cloth is (thin) than that blue one. 3. We stayed in (cheap) hotel we could find. 4. Australia is (far) place I have ever reached. 5. This building is (beautiful) building in our town. 6. Let me introduce Mike, my (old) brother. He is (old) in our family now. He is five years (old) than me. 7. The situation was much (bad) than we expected. 8. I think (little) possible time necessary for accomplishing of this task is two hours.
TEST 1 (Variant C)
1. Read the text:
MY INSTITUTE
* The Belarusian Law Institute was established in 1991 as a commercial institution of higher learning. It means that the Institute does not get any finance support from the state, the only source of finance is the students’ fees. (1)The legal basis of the Institute is the National Law on Education. The Institute is headed by Rector Stephen Sokol, Professor and Doctor of Law.
The Institute trains lawyers in economy, finance and international relations as well as in accounting, analysis and auditing. The top rated fields are tax and banking, and also public and private international law. (2)This year about 3000 students study at the Minsk department, and almost half of them are full-time students. Among the correspondence students there are members of the National Assembly, decision-makers at different levels of management and government. (3)The Institute had its first graduation in 1994, when 75 graduates joined law-enforcement bodies and business companies.
(4)The Institute has field department offices in Mogilev, Baranovichi and Grodno.
The Grodno Department was established in 1994. It trains specialists in wide sphere of law. The are about 400 full-time students and about the same number of correspondent ones. During first two years the Grodno Department had to lease premises from the technical college, but in 1996 an annex to the building of the college was built and now the Grodno Department possesses its own building comprising 4 big lecture-halls and 7 smaller rooms for practical classes. The staff of the department includes highly qualified lectures, some of them are invited from Grodno University and from Minsk Department of the Institute. (5)The Department possesses audio-visual equipment which makes the educational process more effective. The department is regularly visited by the Ministry of Education inspections and the results of these inspections are so far very good, what shows a high standard of training at the Institute. (6)The Grodno Department had its first graduation in June, 1998. The graduates work at industrial enterprises and business firms as legal advisers, at judicial offices as bailiffs and at Interior Ministry structures.
2. Translate the marked (*) paragraph from the text above in writing.
3. Using the underlined words and word combinations translate the following sentences into English:
а) Студенты изучают налоговое и банковское право.
б) Органы местного управления избираются каждые четыре года.
в) Судебные органы страны устанавливаются конституцией.
г) Исполнительная власть возглавляется Премьер-Министром.
д) Мистер Холл предоставил свои владения для размещения делегатов.
е) Обе стороны обеспокоены состоянием международных отношений в этом регионе.
4. Put questions to the numbered in the text sentences using prompts:
1. What ...? General question.
2. How many ...? Alternative question.
3. When ...?
4. Disjunctive question.
5. What equipment ...?
5. Use Present Indefinite, Present Continuous, Past Indefinite or Past Continuous form of the verbs in brackets:
1. Excuse me, I (to wait) for a phone call. Will you page it to me, please? 2. When I (to look for) the book I (to need), I (to find) some old maps. 3. Most of the shops (to open) at 9.00 and (to close) at 19.30 every day. 4. Don’t count on me, I (to leave) for Minsk next Monday. 5. The sum of the Russian debt to foreign investors (to increase) at the moment. 6. John often (to arrange) fancy receptions. 7. I can’t attend this sitting, I (to work) with my electorate. 8. Can anybody open that door? Somebody (to knock). 9. This time last year I (to make) a tour of Europe. 10. We (to arrive) at Victoria terminal at 10.15 p.m. yesterday. 11. I (to be) very busy now: I (to build) a house. 12. While Maggi (to prepare) the room, John (to correct) his report. 13. He (to have) a country house, but he (to use) it very seldom. 14. I (to get up)very early tomorrow, because my practice (to begin) at 7.00 a. m.
6. Use the verbs can and must in the correct forms:
1. She ... play the piano beautifully now, but she ... play at all two years ago. 2. They ... get to the camp before dark two days ago. 3. Excuse me, I ... phone my mother. May I use your telephone? 4. I had a very long day yesterday. I ... pass my driving test, then I ... visit my tutor. 5. The talks were very difficult but they ... find a compromise. 6. Don’t panic! I ... do it for you in no time. 7. A collecting bank ... receive all invoices in duplicate. 8. You ... instruct your staff every Monday.
7. Insert articles where necessary:
1. How can I get to ... post-office? 2. He likes to read ... detective stories. 3. At last I received ... book I have been looking for. 4. He found ... telephone bill and ... letter from his friend in his morning mail. 5. ... English language is considered to be easier than ... Russian. 6. On ... way home I had to call at ... bank. 7. ... Telephone was invented by Alexander Bell. 8. It is ... funniest book I have ever read. 9. I can’t say what is more difficult: to play ... tennis or to play ... violin. 10. ... British respect their traditions very much. 11. Can you find ... mistake in ... sentence on ... blackboard? 12. ... Lawyers are paid much better than ... teachers.
6. Use the correct form of the adjectives:
1. My boss’s office is much (large) than my flat. 2. The problem was (serious) than we expected. 3. It was (long) and (boring) speech I have ever heard. 4. He is (good) defender in criminal cases. 5. To my mind this kind of tea is (tasty) than that one. 6. It was (complicated) operation in his practice. 7. They expect (bad) development of the situation. 8. His (old) brother is four years (old) than he. 9. This item will be touched upon in (far) discussion.
TEST 1 (Variant D)
1. Read the text:
CLIMATE, WEATHER AND SEASONS
Everyone knows that climate has something to do with weather and seasons but though these three phenomena indeed are akin to each other, they are not quite the same things.
According to the dictionary, (1)weather is a state of prevailing atmospheric conditions over a particular area or place at a specific time with reference to such natural conditions as temperature, sunshine, rain, fog, wind, etc. In other words, the weather at a place is the state of atmosphere there at a given time or over a short period.
The climate of a place or a region, on the other hand, represents the average, prevailing, regular weather conditions (temperature, rainfall, wind, etc) of a place, region or area through the year.
Weather is what happened in the atmosphere yesterday, or is happening today or will happen next week; climate is what has happened and can be expected to happen over the reasonably long period of time. It is the seasonal pattern of heat and cold, of sun, wind and rain, that is - or was - characteristic of a particular place or region.
* A season is one or each of the four divisions of the year associated with a type of weather and beginning astronomically with the fourth week of March, June, September and December. (2)The climate of any place results from the interaction of a number of determining factors, of which the most important are latitude, distance from the sea, relief and the direction of the prevailing winds. These factors must be distinguished from the actual features of the climate, such as temperature, wind, sunshine, fog, the humidity of the air. (3)Latitudes determine the main characteristics of the climate. (4)Temperature, the most important climatic element, depends not only on the angle at which the sun’s rays strike the earth’s surface but also on the duration of daylight. The greater the angle of the sun above the horizon is, the greater the heat received is, and accordingly the length of the period between sunrise and sunset is.
(5)The sea greatly modifies the climate; its waters have a higher specific heat than the rock of the land surface, and they warm up more slowly and also cool down more slowly than does the land. Consequently, in summer the land tends to be warmer than the sea, and in winter the converse is true.
2. Translate the marked (*) paragraph from the text above into Russian/Belarusian in writing.
3. Translate the following sentences into English using underlined words from the text:
а) Результаты выборов оказались достаточно неожиданными.
б) Показания свидетелей определили решение суда.
в) Консервативная партия получила большинство мест в Парламенте.
г) Члены нижней палаты парламента представляют интересы населения регионов.
д) Срок полномочий Британского парламента - пять лет.
е) Благополучие страны зависит от политической активности ее населения.
4. Put questions to the numbered in the text sentences using prompts:
(1) What ...? Disjunctive question.
(2) General question.
(3) Alternative question.
(4) What ... ?
(5) Why ...?
5. Use Present Indefinite, Present Continuous, Past Indefinite or Past Continuous form of the verbs in brackets:
1. They (to be) very tired yesterday night, so they (not/can) complete the task. 2. Mike (not/to work) this week, he (to be) on a sick leave. 3. The situation (not/to get) better to my regret. 4. He (to receive) a lot of letters from his readers. 5. John (not/to attend) the yesterday’s meeting, he (to be) ill. 6. The sitting usually (to begin) at 9.00 a.m. 7. When I (to buy) a newspaper, a man (to approach) me. 8. Mr Nill (to leave) for New-York next Friday. 9. While Julia (to make) coffee, her husband (to lay) the table. 10. You definitely (not/can) see me yesterday at 8.00 p.m. I (to fly) home from L. A. The plane (to land) only at 9.15 p.m.
6. Use the verbs can and must in the correct forms:
1. Tomorrow I ... visit my aunt on the way home. She’s got a problem with her TV and she thinks I ... fix it. 2. You ... never leave this machine without attendance. 3. Sorry, I ... contact Mr Hill yesterday. 4. ... you give me a piece of advice? 5. They planned the meeting for Monday, but they ... postpone it. 6. It took him plenty of time but he ... restore the vandalized painting. 7. He is flying to Boston next week, so I think he ... fetch the parcel straight to the chief editor. 8. I’m sure he ... do it, he just didn’t want to help you.
7. Insert articles where necessary:
1. They used to make ... wonderful parties at their estate. 2. ... Clown appeared first in ... English circus. 3. Last year he bought ... house he had dreamed of. 4. His cousins live in ... village. 5. Helen is looking for ... job. 6. ... apple ... day keeps ... doctor away. 7. ... Computer games are very popular with ... children. 8. He plays ... tennis, but he is not ... extra-class player. 9. Have you been dropped from ... moon?
8. Use the correct form of the adjectives:
1.This material offers (little) resistance to electric current from all tested samples. 2. In Australia winters are (hot) than summers. 3. Ann is much (tall) than her brother Jim, though he is two years (old). 4. It is (picturesque) place I’ve ever visited. 5. Let me introduce my (old) brother, Nick. 6. We’re short of time. Do you know (short) possible way to the bridge? 6. The camp turned out to be much (far) than we expected. 7. You may travel by business class, but it is (expensive) than tourist class.
TEST 1 (Variant E)
FAMILY AFFAIRS
The family is recognised all over the world as the basic unit of any society. (1)Every state pays much attention to the family and provides it with all possible support. If we want to find an answer to the question why the state is so much concerned about the family we have to understand the role of it.
A family serves many functions. (2)One of the functions of the family is the up-bringing one. Both the country and the family are interested in having good citizens and good members of the family. Parents realize quite well that children should be brought up on the values of the society, otherwise they would never feel comfortable among people. The family is the place where people feel protected and comfortable. The family gets together in joys and sorrows, it possesses an ability to heal wounds and pains. It is the only place where people can feel really secure and relaxed in spite of all problems which exist in every family or in the majority of families.
* It is very easy to speak about happy families - kingdoms of love, respect, compassion and care. Leo Tolstoy wrote in his novel “Anna Karenina” - “All happy families are happy in the same way, every unhappy family is unhappy in its own way”. (3)Strong, happy families have some common features whether they are rich or poor, white or black. They spend much time together, talk about their problems and resolve them before they get too big. They show each other affection and appreciation. (4)These happy families do not draw much attention: no patrol cars arriving at nights, no quarrel, no interviews by probation officers or social workers. Unhappy families draw by far more attention of law enforcement and social structures. The reasons of conflicts in families may be very different - from alcoholism to arguments about family hierarchy.
Families today experience a number of problems. The number of single parent families increases, families are getting smaller (the overage household is between 2 and 3 people today). (5)About half of all marriages end in divorce. Violence in the family is one more serious problem. Children often learn violence from their parents and repeat it in their own families. One more problem is a “generation gap” - the difference in the views of teenagers and their parents. This is the most common problem even in so-called good families. The most common reasons for arguments between teenagers and parents are: the teenager’s attitude towards other members of the family; the help about the house; the quality of school work; curfew - time to come home at night; the teenager’s friends. The generation gap is really painful experience for both children and parents. (6)There is a medicine for it - patience and understanding from the both sides.
а) Одна из главных задач правоохранительных органов - борьба с насилием на улицах.
б) Милиции сложно выполнять свои функции без помощи населения.
в) Общее собрание акционеров не смогло принять решение.
г) Комиссия имеет очень широкие полномочия.
д) Роль инспекторов по надзору в предупреждении правонарушений возрастает.
е) Необходимо создать срециальную программу защиты свидетелей.
(1) General question.
(2) What ...? Disjunctive question.
(3) What features ...?
(4) Alternative question.
(5) How ...?
(6) General question.
1. Nick, answer the call, I (to take) a shower. 2. The telegram (to arrive) when John (to have) breakfast. 3. I can’t withdraw the money right now, the bank (to open) at 9 a.m. 4. While Mary (to amuse) the guests, her husband (to put) the children to bed. 5. The economic crisis in the country (to aggravate) at the moment. 6. This river (to flow) into the Baltic Sea. 7. We (to have) a picnic next Saturday. Would you like to join us? 8. Yesterday at 6 p.m. I (to consult) my client in my study. 9. They (to leave) for Heathrow half an hour ago. 10. He (to make) friends easily, because he (to be) very sociable. 11. Let me introduce my friend Jerrard. He (to be) a writer and he (to write) a new novel.
1. The only evidence he ... produce yesterday was a fibre from the victim’s coat. 2. You ... remit the whole sum by 5 p.m. and not a minute later. 3. We ... afford buying this house, we have enough money. 4. Sorry, but Mr Jacobs ... talk to you today, he ... see you tomorrow at 10 a.m. if the time suits you. 5. The senior partner is on holidays, so I ... handle all cases myself. Yesterday I ... consult a very annoying gentleman and I ... visit him at his house on Friday, I’m afraid. 6. The passengers ... cross the yellow line until they are called by the immigration officer.
1. Pass me ... folder from ... shelf above you. 2. ... Justices are appointed for life. 3. ... Judge who will hear your case is not very experienced. 3. ... Rich rule the law, which grinds ... poor. 4. I heard ... somebody playing ... cello. 5. ... Computer changed informational technologies dramatically. 6. Can you drop me at ... hospital? 7. ... cheque book is ... best present. 8. ... Suspect was described as ... tall man with ... long nose and ... slit eyes. 9. Is there ... gas station in ... town? 10. Mike gave me ... camera I dreamed of as ... present for ... my birthday.
1. Henry is one of (good) young lawyers in the agency. 2. This argument sounds (good) than the previous one. 3. This item will be discussed in (far) run of our conference. 4. We need (fresh) and (reliable) information available. 5. This book is (old) in our town library, it is (old) than the town itself. 6. We don’t have much money, so let’s go by train, it is (expensive) than by bus. 7. This is (acceptable) solution of the conflict under the circumstances. 8. It was the (lucky) chance in my life.
* * * * *
Вопросы к зачету (1 семестр):
SEMESTER 2
Для успешного выполнения контрольной работы N2 необходимо изучить следующий грамматический материал:
Future Indefinite - Future Continuous
If and When Clauses
Modal verbs: ought to, shall, should
Numerals
Comparison: as...as/than
Nouns (uncountable), articles with uncountable nouns
Much, many
Some, any, no (somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, nothing)
TEST 2 (Variant A)
HOW BELARUS IS GOVERNED
Under the Constitution of 1994 the Republic of Belarus is a unitary democratic social legal state. The Republic of Belarus possesses supreme and absolute power on its territory, it independently exercises its home and foreign policy. The power in the Republic of Belarus is exercised on the basis of its separation into three branches: legislative, executive and judicial. The state bodies are independent within the limits of their authority: they interact, restrain and balance each other (the system of checks and balances).
The principle of the supremacy of law is established in the country. (1)The State, all its bodies and officials act within the Constitution and laws adopted according to it. (2)The Republic of Belarus recognizes the priority of universally recognized principles of international law and provides the correspondence of the national law to these principles. (3)The citizens of the Republic aged 18 and above enjoy the right to elect and to be elected to governmental bodies on the basis of general, equal, direct or indirect suffrage by secret ballot.
The President of the Republic of Belarus is the Head of the State. He is the guarantor of the Constitution, the rights and freedoms of people and citizens. The term of office of the President is five years.
* The supreme legislative power of the Republic is Parliament - The National Assembly. It consists of two houses: the House of Representatives and the Council of the Republic. The term of office of the National Assembly is four years. The supreme executive power of the Republic is the Council of Ministers. The head of the Council is the Prime Minister. The supreme judicial power is the Supreme Court of the Republic. (4)The Constitutional Court checks the constitutionality of laws and the acts of the government. The local governmental bodies comprise councils of deputies and executive bodies. The local councils are legislative bodies. The members of the local councils are elected for the term of four years while the heads of the executive bodies are appointed by the President. There are regional and district courts at the local level, which are local judicial bodies.
1. General, Disjunctive.
2. What principles...? What...?
3. What right...? Alternative.
4. What...?
1. This time tomorrow we (to fly) home. 2. I think my friends (to come) to the presentation of my wife’s book. 3. This box looks very heavy. I (to help) you with it. 4. Don’t even try to call him at 9 tonight, he (to watch) a match on TV. 5. Don’t worry, Tom. You (to pass) your exams. 6. According to the weather forecast it (to rain) tomorrow and it (to rain) the whole week and we (not/to be able) to hike.
1. They will meet you at the railway terminus. (Who? When? Where?)
2. Mike will be waiting for you at his parents’ tomorrow at 9 a.m. (Alternative, General)
3. Marks and Spencer won’t close their shops down. (Why? Disjunctive)
1.I (to help) you with these letters if you (to find) a typewriter. 2. When you (to start) your work next week I still (to bask) in the sun. 3. What you (to do) if the car (to break down). 4. I don’t know whether they (to send) that cheque to the bank. 5. Their work (to be) good for nothing if they (to work) like this. 6. I just want to know when you (to be ready) with this grammar test.
1. ...Lawyers are paid more than ... teachers. 2. I prefer ... classical music to ... pop music. 3. ... Life would be much easier without ... lawyers. 4. Are you interested in ... art or in ... architecture? 5. Did you like ... coffee we had yesterday after dinner? 6. I heard Mr Jackson was arrested by ... police. 7. I usually drink ... tea, because it is much cheaper than ... coffee. 8. I liked the film but ... music was awful.
1. It is a little town, there isn’t ... to do. 2. How ... books do you have in your library? 3. He doesn’t drink ... coffee. 4. The pressmen didn’t ask him ... questions. 5. How ... time have we got before the train starts? 6. There is too ... sugar in this tea. 7. We didn’t take ... photographs in London.
1. He couldn’t get help, there was ... around. 2. Do you have ... money on you? 3. Open the door, please. ... is knocking. 4. Did you see ... on the parking yesterday at 9 p. m? Yes, I saw ... people, but I didn’t recognise ... . 5. It was so dark, that I could see ... . 6. Sorry, but we have ... vacancies for you at the moment.
1. He got used to count (on, at, for) himself. 2. They often refer (on, for, to) this article. 3. He was accused (in, for, of) robbery. 4. They couldn’t object (-, from, to) Mr Blake’s participation in the jury. 5. Before you make any decision you should talk (with, to, at) him. 6. We’ll have to insist ( to, on, at) the following amendments. 7. You have deprived me (from, of, -) the pleasure to defend him. 8. All his attempts ended (with, in, at) failure. 9. We have an enormous demand ( of, for, in) lawyers. 10. You should never judge people (on, by, at) appearances.
TEST 2 (Variant B)
1. Read the text:
THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED KINGDOM.
There is no written constitution in the United Kingdom. The British constitution is formed by statutes, by common law and by practices and precepts (conventions). (1)There are three organs of government in the constitution: the legislature, the executive, and the judiciary. The Crown is the supreme power in these three branches. (2)The Queen calls and dissolves Parliament, she opens a new session with a speech from the throne. The Queen confers honours and appoints judges, army officers, diplomats, and officials of the Church of England.
* Parliament consists of two houses - the House of Commons and the House of Lords. The House of Commons consists of 650 members. The term of the Commons is five years. The speaker presides in the House. (3)Members of the House of Commons belong to one of the British political parties. The party that wins the majority of parliamentary seats forms a government with the party leader as prime minister.
The House of Lords has more than 1,100 members. These include hereditary peers, life peers, law lords and archbishops and senior bishops of the Church of England. It is not an elective body.
* The functions of Parliament are to make laws, to appropriate money for various state purposes, and to provide a forum for debate. Legislation is initiated by the introduction of bills in either house. (4)Finance bills can only be introduced in the Commons. The Lords cannot interfere with a money bill or with a bill that has been passed by the Commons in two consecutive sessions.
The head of the government is the prime minister. The prime minister selects a Cabinet of ministers. The Cabinet develops the government’s policies and exercises control over government departments. Ministers are responsible for the work of those departments.
Local government is carried out by locally elected councils. There are numerous administrative divisions (counties, boroughs, districts, parishes), each with its own council. These councils are responsible for garbage disposal, water supplies, sewerage, and street cleaning. They also administer the police, fire services, education, health services and housing.
The judiciary is independent of the legislature and the executive. The system has civil and criminal divisions, and uses the jury system for trying persons accused of serious crimes. The courts most often used for civil cases are county courts. Cases that involve large sums of money are heard in one of the divisions of the High Court of Justice. There is a Court of Appeal, from which a further appeal is possible to the House of Lords. Criminal cases involving minor offences are tried in magistrate’s courts.
2. Translate the marked (*) paragraphs into Russian:
3. Put questions to the numbered sentences using the prompts:
1. How many...? General.
2. Who...? What...?
3. Disjunctive.
4. What house...? Alternative.
4. Use the Future Indefinite or the Future Continuous:
1. This time tomorrow I (to pass) my driving test. 2. I think Mr Hogarth (to accept) the invitation. 3. According to the weather forecast it (to rain) tomorrow and it (to rain) the whole week and we (not/to be able) to hike. 4. They (to remit) the mentioned sum by SWIFT. 5. Sorry, I (not/can) to attend your lecture next Monday, I (to be) busy the whole day. 6. I’m sure I (to enjoy) my vacations at the seaside. 7. I (to give) you a lift if you don’t mind.
5. Put questions using the words in brackets:
1. Marks and Spencer won’t close their shops down. (Why? Disjunctive)
2. The delegation will bring new proposals on Croatia problem. (What? General)
3. They will be enjoying the party: Margaret will see to it. (Will? What? Why?)
6. Open the brackets:
1. They (to accept) your proposal if the conditions (to suit) them. 2. When the police (to arrive) at the crime scene the offenders (to drive) fast to some remote place. 3. If you (not/to pay) your debt tomorrow they (can) to sue you. 4. When the hearing (to be over) they (not/to leave) the room, they (to discuss) the agenda for the next session. 5. What measures we (to take) if the situation (to become) unpredictable? 6. I shall know when they (to ship) the cargo.
7. Insert articles where necessary:
1. ... Life would be much easier without ... crime. 2. Are you interested in ... music or in ... painting? 3. Did you like ... man we met yesterday at the presentation? 4. I liked the film but ... music was awful. 5. John has gone to ... school to meet his wife after ... meeting she attended there. 6. When I studied at ... school I hated ... History. 7. ... Indifference and ... pride look very much alike. 8. Can you pass me ... salt, please? Sure, I don’t take ... salt at all.
8. Use much or many:
1. There isn’t ... work in the office today. 2. How ...employees work for this firm? 3. This job doesn’t require ... experience. 4. He will not ask you ... questions during the interview. 5. How ... free space have we got on the drive C of the computer? 6. There are too ... boring people around.
9. Use some, any, no (nobody, nothing, etc.):
1. ... has broken into the insurance agency. 2. Do you have ...to help you? 3. What is that noise? Is ... knocking at the door? 4. He has just moved to this area, so he knows ... here. 5. Collin, will you send ... here to give me ... help? 6. Just leave me alone! I want ... from you! 7. He has received ... salary this month, so he wants to borrow ... money from me.
10. Choose the proper preposition from those in brackets:
1. I don’t intend to object (-, from, to) these proposals. 2. I must admit that I’m quite satisfied (by, at, with) your draft. 3. They were accused (in, for, of) counterfeit. 4. He counts too much (on, at, for) his assistant. 5. You should talk (with, to, at) him, he knows the subject very well. 6. I think they will insist (to, on, at) the some amendments concerning the terms of payment. 7. We shall be back home (at, after, in) two weeks. 8. If you have any problem refer (on, for, to) this instruction.
TEST 2 (Variant C)
1. Read the text:
THE USA GOVERNMENT
Under the Constitution, the federal government of the USA is divided into three branches, each chosen in a different manner, each able to check and balance the others.
* The executive branch is headed by the president, who is chosen in nation-wide elections every four years. The elective process for a US president is unique. (1)Americans vote for slates of presidential electors equal to the number of senators and representatives each state has in Congress. The candidate with the highest number of votes in each state wins all the electoral votes of that state. The presidential candidate needs 270 electoral votes to be elected. Any natural-born American who is 35 years old or older may be elected to this office. The president proposes bills to Congress, enforces federal laws, serves as commander-in-chief of the armed forces and, with the approval of the Senate, makes treaties and appoints federal judges, ambassadors and other members of the executive departments. Each head of an executive department holds the title of a secretary and together they form a council called the Cabinet.
The legislative branch is made up of two houses: the Senate and the House of Representatives. The 435 seats in the House of Representatives are allocated on the basis of population, every state has at least one representative. (2)Each state elects two members of the 100-member Senate: a senator’s term of office is six years.
Both houses must approve a bill for it to become law, but the president may veto, or refuse to sign it. If so, Congress reconsiders the bill. (3)If two-thirds of the members of both houses then approve it, the bill becomes law without the president’s signature.
The judicial branch is made up of federal district courts (at least one in very state, total number - 91), 11 federal courts of appeals and, on top, the Supreme Court. Federal judges are appointed by president with the approval of the Senate; the appointments are for life. Federal courts decide cases involving federal law, conflicts between states, between citizens of different states. (4)An American who feels he has been evicted under an unjust law may appeal his case to the Supreme Court, which may rule that the law is unconstitutional.
2. Translate the marked (*) paragraph into Russian:
3. Put the questions to the numbered sentences using the prompts:
1. What...? Disjunctive.
2. How many...? Alternative.
3. When...? General.
4. Where...?
4. Use the Future Indefinite or the Future Continuous:
1. What you (to do) tomorrow at 5 o’clock? 2. Don’t worry. I (to try) to take a loan from the bank. 3. This work needs some skill. Wait, I (to help) you. 4. It will be very difficult to contact him: he ( to write) his monthly report. 5. I promise that they (to deliver) the required equipment next Tuesday. 6. I expect Mr Beet (to inform) you about the time of his arrival.
5. Put questions using the words in brackets:
1. The inspector will arrive at the hotel at 13.30. (Who? When? Where?)
2. He will be having lunch with Mr Richardson at 12. (Alternative, General)
3. They will not dare to rob the bank in broad daylight. (Why? Disjunctive)
6. Open the brackets:
7. Insert articles where necessary:
1. Julia has ... confidence in his brother. 2. Their mistake was that they didn’t think ... problem had ... real importance. 3. You should have asked Mr Craig for ... advice. 4. John is out, he is having ... coffee at ... cafeteria. 5. My friend is ... man of ... decision and he has ... experience. 6. ... Curiosity kills ... cat. 7. He looks at people with ... interest. 8. ... Attention he paid to that minor discrepancy was surprisingly great.
8. Use much or many:
1. We must be ready tomorrow morning, not ... time is left. 2. How ... printer paper should I buy? 3. She doesn’t send ... letters, so she doesn’t need ... postage money. 4. Will this project create ... jobs? 5. They don’t invite ... guests to their receptions. 6. They won’t have ... work next week: the boss is leaving.
9. Use some, any, no (nobody, nothing, etc.)
1. When I entered the room there was ... there, but I swear I heard ... voices. 2. She was out shopping but she bought ... . 3. Did you see ... car in the street? Yes, there were ... cars, but none of them was red. 4. What’s the noise? I think ... has dropped ... in the room next to ours. 5. Did she tell ...? No, she didn’t. How could she tell ... if she had been miles away from the crime scene?
10. Choose the proper preposition from those in brackets:
1. We have arranged to meet (on, in, at) the end of the street. He will be waiting (at, on, in) the corner. 3. You must be present (on, at, in) the conference. 4. Grant saw Molly as soon as he went (to, in, into) the room. 5. He usually gets (at, in, to) the office (on, by, in) car. 6. The train left (in, on, with) time. 7. He sent me a cheque (with, on, for) $65 for the work done. 8. She took the advantage (of, in, at) staying alone (in, at, into) the office and telephoned (to, -, at) all her friends.
TEST 3 (Variant D)
1. Read the text:
THE USA
The United States of America stretch from the Atlantic seaboard, across the rich flat central Plains, over the Rocky Mountains to the fertile, densely populated West Coast. The continental United States with Alaska and Hawaii covers 9,372,614 square kilometres. In area, it is the third largest nation in the world (behind Canada and China).
(1) America is a land of physical contrasts. The southern parts of Florida, Texas, California and the entire state of Hawaii have warm temperatures year round. Most of the United States is in the temperate zone, with four distinct seasons, while the northern states and Alaska have extremely cold winters. The land varies from heavy forests to deserts, from high mountains to deep canyons.
The United States is also a land of bountiful rivers and lakes. The northern state of Minnesota, for example, is known as the land of 10,000 lakes. The broad Mississippi River system is the world’s third longest river after the Nile and the Amazon. The five Great Lakes make the world’s largest inland water transportation route and the biggest body of fresh water in the world.
(2) The USA has a highly developed agriculture. American farmers plant wheat on the cold western Plains; raise corn, wheat and beef cattle in the Midwest and rice in Louisiana. Florida and California are famous for their vegetable and fruit production, and the cool, rainy Northwestern states are known for apples, pears, berries and vegetables.
*(3) Underground, a wealth of minerals provides a solid base for American industry. America’s yearly production of gold is $1,374.700,000. It is far exceeded by the value of its petroleum, natural gas, clays, phosphates, lead and iron. The production value of crude oil alone is about $39 thousand million annually.
* The American economy is a free enterprise system. Together, all sectors of the American economy produce almost $4,527 thousand million dollars worth of goods and services annually. (4) The government plays an important role in the US economy. The federal government strongly supports the development of transportation. America’s 50 states have been most active in building roads and in the field of education. Despite the fact that the U.S. government supports many segments of the nation’s economy, economists estimate that the public sector accounts for only one-fifth of American economic activity.
2. Translate the marked (*) paragraphs into Russian.
3. Put questions to the numbered sentences using the prompts:
1. What kind ...? Disjunctive.
2. General.
3. What ...? What ... for?
4. Why ... ? Alternative.
4. Use the Future Indefinite or the Future Continuous:
1. I think I (to cope) with the problem myself. 2. Unfortunately, tomorrow at 5 o’clock I (to fly) to New York, so I (not/can) to be at your birthday party. 3. I (to write) a letter to Mr Horn. I (to send) your best regards to him, Mike? 4. He probably (to arrive) at Victoria station. 5. Tom (not/to hold) his post for long: he does not suit it. 6. You (to use) your computer tomorrow morning?
5. Put questions using the words in brackets:
1. Mr Jackson will be waiting for you in his office at 11 p.m. (Who? When? Where?)
2. They will not accept the promissory note without your signature. (Alternative, General)
3. Mrs Harvey will co-ordinate the work of the both teams. (Why? Disjunctive)
6. Open the brackets:
1. They (to stay) in your room if you (not/to mind). 2. If you (to phone) me as soon as you (to return) we (can) organise a briefing. 3. If she (to mail) the documents we (to process) the information the whole weekend. 4. Next Monday when you (to sit for) your exam my friends and I (to go) by train to the Black Sea. 5. I don’t know whether they (to have) time to visit our premises. 6. I think they (to give) you this job if you (to apply).
7. Insert articles where necessary:
1. He drinks neither ... tea nor ... coffee, only ... mineral water. 2. ... doctors and ... lawyers are ... very highly paid specialists. 3. They both are keen on ... history. 4. I think he is just afraid of ... people. 5. Look! There are ... people we saw the other day. 6. Excuse me! These people are looking for ... accommodation. Can you give them ... advice? 7. She has got ... very long hair. 8. .. rich rule ... law.
8. Use much or many:
1. Dad usually doesn’t have ... work at the end of a month. 2. How ... people can we engage in the project? 3. Why was there so ... meat contaminated by dioxin? 4. They don’t spend ... money on books, they buy ... CDs instead. 5. Do they need ... support from the state? 6. The country doesn’t have to import ... machinery.
9. Use some, any, no (nobody, nothing, etc.)
1. He has ... on his account with our bank. 2. Have your ever received ... sponsorship? 3. ... has sent me a letter with a murder threat. 4. It is a very personal question: ... will answer it. 5. There have been ... visitors so far. 6. You can do ... about it at the moment.
10. Choose the proper preposition from those in brackets:
1. He usually works overtime (at, on, in) Monday evenings. 2. I have to answer hundreds of letters (while, for, during) a week. 3. The delegation will arrive (at, in, to) France next week. 4. The car broke and they had to get (at, to, -) the station (by, with, on) foot. 5. They decided to start their business in Italy (at, to, in) the end. 6. We spent plenty of time looking (at, for, to) a solution (of, to, with) the problem. 7. The parties were satisfied (by, on, with) the verdict. 8. He was suspicious (about, with, of) my intentions. 9. The board was impressed (with, by, at) his simple but effective plan. 10. That man is similar (for, to, by) me.
TEST 2 (Variant E)
1. Read the text:
GREAT BRITAIN
The official name of Great Britain is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. It is a political union of England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. The UK is situated on the British Isles to the West of the mainland of Europe. (1)This group of islands consists of about 5,000 islands with two of them being very big: Great Britain and Ireland. Three parts of the state: England, Scotland and Wales are situated on Great Britain, Northern Ireland occupies northern part of Ireland.
* The unification of minor independent states into one powerful unit was started in the 13th century with conquering Wales. Scotland remained independent for a long time. The final unification took place in 1707 with the signing an agreement to form a common parliament for Britain and Scotland. Ireland became Britain’s colony in the 11th century. There were bloody battles on religious background till 1921 when Ireland was separated into two countries: the Irish Republic and Ulster, which belongs to Britain. The Ulster problem is still a painful point of Britain’s policy.
(2)The geographical position of the country influences greatly the climate of Great Britain. The country is surrounded by the sea what makes the climate rather mild. Besides the Gulf Stream warms the country and all this causes relatively small seasonal changes of weather. The difference between winter and summer temperatures is not very big. The relief and the landscape of the country vary greatly in different parts of the country: from plains in the South-East to high mountains in the North. In fact Great Britain has all the landscapes which can be found on our planet but deserts and glaciers. The diversity of the landscape is really great and it provides the diversity of wild life.
The UK is a highly developed country with very long industrial traditions. (3)The country gave the birth to the industrial revolution, which changed the ways of history all over the world. Traditionally Britain has very developed machine-building and ship-building industry. Metal ore and coal extraction, the two more traditional fields, are experiencing hard times now. A very important break-through in economy was the exploit of the oil and gas fields on the North Sea shelf what reduced the dependence of the country on the import of these materials. Pacing with progress Britain has developed some new industries: aerospace, electronic and chemical industries. (4)The country occupies a middle position in the list of the European Community countries.
2. Translate the marked (*) paragraph into Russian.
3. Put questions to the numbered sentences using the prompts:
1. How many...? Alternative.
2. General, Disjunctive.
3. What ... to?
4. Why ... ? What position ...?
4. Use the Future Indefinite or the Future Continuous:
1. He is so boring! He (to tell) you his African experiences the whole weekend. 2. I promise I (to see) my doctor on Friday. 3. So I (to wait) for you at 5 p.m. sharp in the hall. 4. I think he (to arrive) in two weeks. 5. I (to go) downtown later. Can I get you anything? 6. I (not/to be) in the office tomorrow.
5. Put questions using the words in brackets:
1. Judge Blake will expect you in the courtroom at 10 a.m. on Thursday. (Who? When? Where?)
2. Mr Crage will not be able to make a speech. (Why? General)
3. The assistants will be working on the report the whole day. (Alternative, Disjunctive)
6. Open the brackets:
1. I (to phone) you when I (to get) home from work. 2. I don’t know when he (to try) to contact you. 3. I bet she (to reprimand) you as soon as she (to come) back. 4. You (to be) at home if I (to come) at half past nine? 5. If we (not/to start) working at once we (not/can) to finish the work by the end of the week. 6. If the alarm (to work) the police (to arrive) in 6 minutes.
7. Insert articles where necessary:
1. He signed ... agent agreement on selling ... glass. 2. Mark was very good at ... mathematics at school. 3. We are searching for ... information. ... information we possess at the moment is not enough. 4. Our office spends big sums on ... stationary. 5. We will not buy ... furniture made of ... metal and ... plastic. 6. I want to leave early today, so I have to ask for ... permission. 7. I have never dealt with ... police before. 8. ... revenge is ... inhuman word.
8. Use much or many:
1. Do they usually take ... luggage? 2. The work will not take you ... time. 3. How ... VAT do you have to pay monthly? 4. This new engine does not take ... fuel. 5. ... people are against death penalty. 6. His career is finished: he drinks too ... alcohol.
9. Use some, any, no (nobody, nothing, etc.)
1. We have already ordered ... pieces of furniture. 2. I can’t find ... papers on our negotiations with Shell company. 3. Has ... asked me? No, sir, ... . 4. These idle deliberations bring ... peace of mind at all. 5. ... has left a message for you. 6. I have heard ... from him lately.
10. Choose the proper preposition from those in brackets:
1. He is very proud (about, of, with) his son. 2. It was very stupid (from, with, of) you to sign that contract. 3. The plan consists (with, in, of) three chapters. 4. He greatly influenced (on, at, -) the foreign policy of Britain. 5. He was disappointed (at, by, with) the results of his exam. 6. Who was responsible (at, about, for) the market studies? 7. The retail price depends (-, at, on) the transportation expenses. 8. Sometimes I feel so tired (with, by, of) my routine life. 9. I must apologise (for, about, at) my mistake. 10. I can’t rely (at, -, on) my assistant any more.
* * * * *
Вопросы к зачету (2 семестр):
SEMESTER 3
Для успешного выполнения контрольной работы N3 необходимо изучить следующий грамматический материал:
Present Perfect - Present Perfect Continuous
Past Perfect - Past Perfect Continuous
Future Perfect
Modal verbs may, might,
Pronouns few, a few, little, a little
Articles with geographical and proper names
TEST 3 (Variant A)
1. Read the text:
A BICAMERAL CONGRESS OF THE USA
* Article I of the Constitution grants all legislative powers of the federal government to a Congress divided into two chambers - a Senate and a House of Representatives. The Senate is composed of two members for each state as provided by the Constitution. Membership in the House is based on population. The total number of members of the House of Representatives has been determined by Congress. That number is then divided among the states according to their populations. Today the House is composed of 435 members, roughly one for each 530.000 persons. Regardless of its population, every state is constitutionally guaranteed at least one member of the House of Representatives. Every two years, the voters of each constituency choose a representative for Congress. Senators are chosen in state-wide elections held in even-numbered years. The senatorial term is six years, and every two years one-third of the Senate stands for election.
The Constitution requires that US senators must be at least 30 years of age, citizens of the United States for at least nine years, and residents of the states from which they are elected. Members of the House of Representatives must be at least 25, citizens for seven years, and residents of the states which send them to Congress.
Congress meets in regular session each January 3 and remains in session till late in the year. Sessions are held in the Capitol in Washington. D.C.
Each house of Congress has the power to introduce legislation. Each house can vote against legislation passed by the other house. In that event, a conference committee made up of members from both houses must work out a compromise acceptable to both sides before the bill becomes law.
The Senate also has powers especially reserved to that body, including the authority to confirm presidential appointments of high officials and ambassadors of the federal government as well as authority to ratify all treaties by a two-thirds vote.
In the case of impeachment of federal officials, the House has the sole right to bring charges of misconduct that can lead to an impeachment trial. The Senate has the sole power to try impeachment cases and to find officials guilty or not guilty. A finding of guilt results in the removal of the federal official from public office.
2. Translate the marked (*) paragraph into Russian.
3. Answer the questions:
1. How is the Senate composed? 2. What is the representation of the House of Representatives? 3. How often are Congressmen elected? 4. What are the powers of the Houses?
4. Use the Perfect forms of the verbs in brackets:
1. Can I speak to John? - Sorry, you can’t. He (to go) to Canada. 2. I didn’t see Tom at the party. When I arrived, he (to go) home. 3. What about having a smoke? - Oh, no. I (to smoke) 5 cigarettes today. 4. They (to wait) here for two hours. 5. She (to dance) since she was eight. 6. The packet is empty, somebody (to smoke) all my cigarettes. 7. He (to smoke) for 30 years, when he finally gave it up. 8. Nancy (to send) two letters before I stopped her. 9. I was very nervous because I never (to fly) before. 10. When I arrived Ann (to wait) for me for an hour and a half. 11. I suppose he (to make up) his mind before the meeting begins. 12. The electoral board (to finish) counting the votes by 11 o’clock.
5. Put questions using the words in brackets:
1. He has already submitted his report. (Who? What?)
2. They will have worked out the solution of the problem by next week. (Will? Disjunctive).
3. Barbara and Owen hadn’t returned before the party began. (Who? Alternative).
6. Use may or might:
1. Mr. Smith is in his office, you ... see him now. 2. John has failed in his exam. You ... have helped him, you are his friend. 3. Excuse me, ... I have a copy of the book? 4. It’s five o’clock now, but John is not here. He ... not have got my telegram. - Don’t worry, he ... come soon. 5. You ... not take photos here. 6. You ... use the telephone to call a taxi.
7. Use little, a little, few, a few:
1. Hurry up! We have ... time. 2. The programme was adopted ... days ago. 3. Unfortunately we have ... copies of the book, not enough for all students. 4. We have to stop at a fuel station, we have ... fuel. 5. He knows only ... English words. 6. We may have coffee, we have ... time before the train leaves. 7. He invited us to a cafe because we didn’t have money, but he had ... . 8. It is not a very popular place, only ... tourists come here. 9. He has ... friends here and it makes his life here ... brighter.
8. Use articles where necessary:
1. They spend a few months in ... Europe. They visited most countries in ... Western Europe. 2. The plane was lost the trace of in ... Atlantic Ocean. 3. His dream is to live on ... Bahamas. 4. He usually stays at ... Sheraton Hotel. 5. Many people think that you can’t get proper food at ... Macdonald’s. 6. He has been living in ... Regent Street for three years. 7. One of the deepest lakes in the world is ... Lake Baikal. 8. ... Rocky Mountains influence the climate of ... United States. 9. The highest mountain in ... United Kingdom is ... Ben Nevis.
9. Choose the correct prepositions:
1. It’s difficult to learn English ... years. (during, in, for) 2. Can you make copies of these documents ... 5 o’clock? (by, at, before) 3. Mary was late ... classes again yesterday. (for, to, at) 4. I’m not ready ... making decision right now. (with, for, on) 5. We went to the cinema ... Saturday evening. (in, on, at) 6. Kennet and Robert met ... a conference. (in, on, at) 7. They are leaving ... New-York next week. (to, in, for) 8. I’m going to wait ... her ... 6 o’clock. (at, till, by, for) 9. He usually has coffee and rolls ... breakfast. (at, during, for)
TEST 3 (Variant B)
1. Read the text:
THE LAWMAKING PROCESS
Committees play a dominant role in congressional proceedings. At present the Senate has 16 standing (or permanent) committees; the House of Representatives has 22. Each specialises in specific areas of legislation: foreign affairs, defence, banking, agriculture, commerce, appropriations and other fields. Every bill introduced in either house is referred to a committee for study and recommendation. The majority party in each house controls the committee process. Committee chairmen are selected by a caucus of party members. Minority parties are proportionally represented on the committees according to their strength in each house.
Bills are introduced by a variety of methods. Some are drawn up by standing committees; some by special committees created to deal with specific legislative issues: and some may be suggested by the president or other executive officers. Citizens and organisations outside Congress may suggest legislation to its members, and individual members themselves may initiate bills. After introduction, bills are sent to designated committees which schedule a series of debates. The hearing process, which can last several weeks or months, opens the legislative process to public participation.
* When a committee has acted favourably on a bill, the proposed legislation is then sent to the floor for open debate. In the Senate, the rules permit virtually unlimited debate. In the House, because of the large number of members, the Rules Committee usually sets limits. When debate is ended, members vote either to approve the bill, defeat it, table it - which means setting it aside and is tantamount to defeat - or return it to committee. A bill passed by one house is sent to the other for action. If the bill is amended by the second house, a conference committee composed of members of both houses attempts to reconcile the differences.
* Once passed by both houses, the bill is sent to the president. The president has the option of signing the bill - by which it becomes law - or vetoing it. A bill vetoed by the president must be reapproved by a two-thirds vote of both houses to become law. The president may again either refuse to sign the bill or veto it. In that case, the bill becomes law without his signature 10 days after it reaches him.
2. Translate the marked (*) paragraphs into Russian.
3. Answer the questions using the text:
1. What is the role of committees in the lawmaking process? 2. Can a citizen of the USA suggest a legislation? 3. Why are the debates in the House of Representatives limited? 4. What is the right to veto a bill?
4. Use the Perfect tenses of the verbs in brackets:
1. You may use my car, I (to repair) it. 2. I didn’t go to the cinema with you because I (to see) that film twice. 3. When I phoned Ann, she just (to get) home. 4. I (not to hear) from him for ages. 5. This is the best film I ever (to see). 6. Ann (to write) letters all day. She already (to write) ten letters. 7. I can’t get in, somebody (to lock) the door. 8. He showed bad results at the exam because he (not to study) anything for exams. 9. I couldn’t take Mike’s car because he (to sell) it. 10. They (to pass) their graduation exams by this time next year. 11. They (to come) to a compromise by the time the hearings in the Parliament begin. 12. How long she (to work) for Marks and Spencer?
5. Put questions using the words in brackets:
1. Mr Malcolm has been waiting for you for two hours. (Who ... for? How long?)
2. The auditors will have completed their work by the end of the day. (Will? Disjunctive).
3. He had withdrawn the money from his account before the bank closed. (Who? What?)
6. Use may or might:
1. You ... have informed about the meeting of the shareholders. 2. ... I help you? 2. You are looking for John, aren’t you? He ... be in the pub though I’m not sure. 3. It’s 10 but they aren’t here. The train ... has been late or they ... have forgotten your address. 4. You ... not treat me like your slave. 5. I sent them my proposals two weeks ago so that they ... think them over.
7. Use little, a little, few, a few:
1. It won’t take much time, just ... minutes. 2. Mr Clover has very ... time for personal affairs. 3. He feels rather lonely here: he is a newcomer and has ... friends. 4. If you want to earn ... dollars you may take a part-time work. 5. If you need money I can lend you ... . 6. We have ... coffee left so I am going out to buy some. 7. There won’t be a lot of people: just ... good friends of mine. 8. Sorry, sir, we have ... books on the topic and we do not borrow them, so you will have to work in our reading hall.
8. Use articles where necessary:
1. ... United States is a federation of fifty states. They are situated in ... North America 2. They are spending their honeymoon somewhere in ... Alps. 3. The bank has numerous offices in ... Western Europe. 4. Mr Yeltsin decided to shoot at ... White House one day. 5. They booked a table at ... Yellow Submarine restaurant. 6. The head office of the company moved to ... Cherry Lane last year. 7. The developers bought a large area along ... Missouri River. 8. The firm invested a large sum in redevelopment of the recreation area near ... Lake Superior. 9. What do you think about visiting ... Easter Island?
9. Choose the correct prepositions:
1. They are in the habit of giving presents ... Christmas. (during, at, for). 2. I’ll probably see you ... next week. (on, at, -) 3. He fell asleep ... we were listening ... that lecture. (for, to, during, while) 4. She will have to work ... 9 p. m. today. (until, for, by) 5. I will definitely have finished my work ... 5 p. m. (by, on, at) 6. Sorry, I was not aware ... that fact. (about, on, of) 7. He is leaving ... Belarus ... Argentina. (to, in, for) 8. Our firm is interested ... making this contract with a few amendments. (of, about, in) 9. I’m not responsible ... the attendance of the employees. (about, for, at)
TEST 3 (Variant C)
1. Read the text:
BRITISH PARLIAMENT
The supreme legislative authority in the United Kingdom is the Queen in Parliament, that is to say the Queen and the two Houses of Parliament - the House of Lords and the House of Commons.
The life of a United Kingdom Parliament is five years. During its life, it can make or unmake any law; it can destroy by a statute the most firmly established convention of the constitution; it can legalise past illegalities and thus reverse the decisions of the court; and it has even the power to prolong its own life by legislative means beyond the normal period of five years without consulting the electorate. In law, therefore, the supremacy of Parliament is absolute. In practice, Parliament does not exercise its supremacy in this way.
* A Parliament begins and ends with a proclamation made by the Sovereign. The time between the meeting of a Parliament and its prorogation or dissolution is called a session. The average length of a session is about 160 sitting days, divided into four periods. Great Britain is the only major industrial country in the world where the medieval custom of choosing legislators on the hereditary principle still survives.
* The House of Lords consists of nearly 900 peers, including 26 spiritual lords. Descendants of the ancient land-owning aristocracy are in a minority in the House. Half of the present House of Lords hold peerages created during the present century. One-third of the Lords today are company directors. The Lords can reject a bill once; if it then passes through the Commons in a Second Session it can receive the Royal Assent. The Lords cannot reject or amend any financial bill passed through the Commons.
The House of Commons is elected by an almost universal adult suffrage. Any British citizen aged 21 or over, not otherwise disqualified (as for example, members of the House of Lords, certain clergy, undischarged bankrupts, civil servants, holders of judicial office, members of the regular armed services and the police forces) may be elected a Member of Parliament (MP). There are at present 650 members of the House of Commons. Members of the House of Commons receive a salary for their parliamentary work and hold their seats during the life of a Parliament. They are elected either at a general election, which takes place after a Parliament has been dissolved, or at a by-election, which is held when a vacancy occurs in the House as a result of the death or resignation of a member, or as a result of the elevation of a member of the House of Commons to the House of Lords.
2. Translate the marked (*) paragraphs into Russian.
3. Answer the questions:
1. What is there specific in forming the House of Lords? 2. Why is the power of Parliament considered to be absolute in law? 3. How is the power of the House of Lords in legislation limited? 4. How are the members of Commons elected?
4. Use the Perfect forms of the verbs in brackets:
1. I didn’t recognise Magi, she (to change) a lot. 2. To my surprise Tom (to ask) Joan to marry him. 3. Look! Somebody (to break) into the shop! 4. I’m sure she (to calculate) your account balance by next Monday. 5. You may put your favourite suit on, I already (to clean) and (to press) it. 6. They (to train) for lawyers for two years already. 7. I was very pleased to see her. I (not to see) her for three years. 8. Jane came in wet through: she (to water) the garden all morning. 9. The National Assembly (to adopt) some bills on small businesses by the end of the session. 10. When we found her she (to starve) for 5 days. 11. The juvenile court already (to hear) their case. 12. They (to repair) the fax machine since morning, but it doesn’t work so far.
5. Put questions using the words in brackets:
1. They have been trying to contact their agent since 9 a. m.. (Who? Since what time?)
2. Keith Morgan has already postponed the interview. (Why? Alternative)
3. The plane will have landed by the time we reach the airport. (General, Disjunctive)
6. Use may or might:
1. You ... not change the procedure of voting. 2. You ... see Mr Bryan at the presentation we made last month. 3. Excuse me, ... I make an appointment with the doctor? 4. You ... have bought this book for me, you know I need it badly. 5. He ... have failed to contact his lawyer before the weekend. 6. You ... find a gift-shop on the ground floor of the hotel.
7. Use little, a little, few, a few:
1. This application takes ... computer resources. 2. We’ll have to hire ... workers to help with the work. 3. Do you take sugar in your tea? Yes, but very... . 4. We have ... money, not enough even for a gallon of fuel. 5. He is proud of his collection: he has ... rare and expensive items. 6. The pub is almost empty: just ... people. 7. There are very ... businesses which are willing to invest to our economy. 8. The new release caused... excitement, but only among professionals. 9. I have ... time so I’ll interview ... applicants.
8. Use articles where necessary:
1. He has an account with ... Barclays Bank. 2. ... Shetlands became the headquarters of oil extracting companies. 3. Our agency organises holiday trips to ... Mediterranean Sea. 4. ... Bank of ... England is the main financial institution of ... United Kingdom. 5. The focus of American business moved to ... Far East. 6. The US Army still controls ... Panama Canal. 7. The accident happened in ... Belmont Street. 8. The ethnic conflicts in ... Caucasus is a painful point of Russian home policy.
9. Choose the correct prepositions:
1. The man chased by the police ran ... a shop. (in, into, to) 2. The convict was sent ... prison after the verdict had been made.(in, into, to) 3. What is the reason ... your absence at the briefing? (for, to, at) 4. You may consider it as an official invitation ... the party. (to, for, on) 5. In most shops customers are required to pay ... cheque. (in, by, with) 6. Sorry, I’ve sent this document to you ... mistake. (in, on, by) 7. She is excellent ... shorthand recording. (at, in, for) 8. He needs a holiday: he is tired ... the routine and boring office work. (at, by, of) 9. I can explain to you the advantages and disadvantages of the project, but the decision belongs ... you. (for, -, to)
TEST 3 (Variant D)
1. Read the text:
BRITISH LEGISLATURE
A hundred years ago a big proportion of Parliamentary Bills were drafted and introduced by private members. A successful private member’s Bill of any importance is an extreme rarity nowadays; the legislative time of the House is so completely monopolised by the government that a private Bill has no chance of reaching the Statute Book unless the government is prepared to find time for it.
All the work of preparing a government Bill is done by the permanent civil servants in the department responsible for the Bill. It is these officials who play the key role in advising the Minister concerned and drafting a Bill in accordance with the policy of the government.
* There are broadly two stages in the life of a Bill: the period of preparation before it is published and introduced into Parliament, and its subsequent progress through Parliament. The first of these two stages is by far the most important, for it is during this preliminary period that the secret consultations take place with any industrial, commercial, financial or other interests that may be affected. Financial initiative is the sole prerogative of the Cabinet. This means that an ordinary MP cannot move any amendment to a Bill, or make any proposal, which would result in an increased financial charge on the Exchequer; nor can a private member make any proposal for increased taxation.
Legislation is initiated by the introduction of bills in either house. A bill is given three readings in the house in which it is introduced. When a bill is introduced into Parliament there is an opportunity for the moving of the amendments. But in practice the vast majority of bills emerge from the elaborate process of second reading, committee stage, report stage and third reading in substantially their original forms. If a bill is passed in the house in which it is introduced, it is sent to the other house, where it is submitted to the same procedure. If a bill is passed by both houses, it becomes law. In theory the sovereign has a right to veto a bill, but this has not occurred since the 18th century. Likewise the House of Lords has little power to stop or delay bills that have been passed by the Commons. It is hoped that the members of the Lords - often senior political figures who have been knighted for their services - will use their experience to suggest amendments to a bill. The Lords cannot interfere with a money bill or with a bill that has been passed by the Commons in two consecutive sessions.
2. Translate the marked (*) paragraph into Russian.
3. Answer the questions:
1. Who does all the work of preparing a governmental bill? 2. What are the two stages in the life of a bill? 3. How many readings does a bill have in either house? 4. What is the role of the House of Lords supposed to be?
4. Use the Perfect forms of the verbs in brackets:
1. I (to try) to book a seat at the theatre since 9 a.m., but I can’t get through: the line is engaged. 2. Did you meet him after he (to arrive)? 3. By the time you get to the office they (to make) their verdict. 4. He might be in the cafeteria, I just (to see) him there. 6. By the time he joined the team they (to work) on the project for a year and a half. 7. I (to meet) him much before he married my sister. 8. She looks so tired! - No wonder, she (to work) without a holiday for three years. 9. He never (to write) anything before. 10. By the time you come we (to enjoy) your mother-in-law’s company for two hours. 11. You ever (to work) with the Photoshop application? 12. They (not/to pay) the promissory note yet.
5. Put questions using the words in brackets:
1. They have already filled in the application forms. (Who? What?)
2. Miss Bolton will have prepared the draft before the session begins. (Will? Disjunctive)
3. Judge Flagerthy had studied the case before the lawyers of the both parties arrived. (What? Alternative)
6. Use may or might:
1. He ... be late because of the weather. 2. Kathleen ... have phoned me, but I was out shopping. 3. It was very cruel of you. You ... have considered her state. 4. ... I take a leave for tomorrow, please? 5. Sorry, sir, you ... not use the office phone. 6. You ... see this film: it was on TV last year.
7. Use little, a little, few, a few:
1. There is ... hope for him to recover. 2. Despite heavy advertising only ... people came to the exhibition of modern art. 3. I have ... money, only ... pounds. 4. He has got ... important friends who help him climb up. 5. Unfortunately I had ... time, so I visited ... places. 6. Well, I have got ... minutes, so I’ll listen to your offer, but make it short. 7. The new product provoked ... excitement, but not as much as it was expected. 8. He drinks ... coffee because of his heart problems.
8. Use articles where necessary:
1. They try to promote their new product in ... China. 2. He travelled to ... Azores in summer. 3. What’s the use of selling solaria in ... Sahara? 4. He is a postgraduate of ... London University. 5. The firm supplies ... Bolshoi Theatre with sound equipment. 6. They booked an apartment at ... Savoy. 7. The environmental situation along ... Nile is threatening. 8. From the window of their room they could enjoy the view of ... Mont Blanc.
9. Choose the correct prepositions:
1. He mailed me a cheque ... 103 pounds. (on, with, for) 2. I spoke to her ... the phone yesterday. (by, on, at) 3. I’m suspicious ... this offer. (for, to, of) 4. The firm closed down because there wasn’t enough demand ... its product. (to, for, on) 5. I think they are arriving ... Victoria Station. (in, on, at) 6. They had a serious quarrel ... the party. (in, on, at) 7. I wrote a letter ... she was talking to me. (during, while, till) 8. Mrs Frost has been waiting ... you ... nearly two hours. (at, till, by, for) 9. He made many friends ... his holidays ... the seaside. (at, during, for, on, while)
TEST 3 (Variant E)
1. Read the text:
THE USA EXECUTIVE POWER
* The Constitution vests the executive power in the president. It also provides for the election of a vice president who succeeds to the presidency in case of the death, resignation or incapacitation of the president. The president is elected by the people through the electoral college for a four-year term, limited to two terms. A native-born American citizen, at least 35 years old and at least 14 years a resident of the United States may be elected to the office. Candidates for the presidency are chosen by political parties several months before the presidential election, which is held every four years. The chief duty of the president is to protect the Constitution and enforce the laws made by Congress. The president has other powers: he recommends legislation to Congress, vetoes bills, appoints federal judges, heads of federal departments and agencies and other principal federal officials, exercises the function of commander-in-chief of the armed forces.
Within the executive branch itself, the president has broad powers to manage national affairs and the workings of the federal government. The president can issue rules, regulations and instructions called executive orders, which have the force of law upon federal agencies. As commander-in-chief of the armed forces of the United States, the president may also call into federal service the state units of the National Guard. In times of war or national emergency, Congress may grant the president even broader powers to manage the national economy and protect the security of the United States.
The day-to-day enforcement and administration of federal laws is in the hands of various executive departments, created by Congress to deal with specific areas of national and international affairs. The heads of the departments, chosen by the president and approved by the Senate, form a council of advisers generally known as the president’s “Cabinet”. Cabinet members act as advisers; they retain the responsibility for directing the activities of the government in specific areas of concern. Each department has thousands of employees, with offices throughout the country as well as in Washington. The departments are divided into divisions, bureaus, offices and services, each with specific duties. There are 14 departments, some of them are: the Department of Commerce, the Department of Defence, the Department of the Treasury, the Department of Justice, the Department of the Interior, the Department of Education.
2. Translate the marked (*) paragraph into Russian.
3. Answer the questions using the text:
1. What are the chief duties of the US president? 2. When does the president receive the broadest powers? 3. What bodies do the day-to-day work on administration of federal law? 4. What is “Cabinet”?
4. Use the Perfect tenses of the verbs in brackets:
1. I (to wait) for this letter for two weeks. 2. The bank (not/to remit) the funds yet. 3. The election board (to calculate) the votes by midnight, so we’ll have a few hours for sleep. 4. The criminal (to crossed) the Mexican border before the police could identify him. 5. I never (to be) to France before. 6. He (to interview) the witnesses since morning, but he (to talk) only to five people. 7. They (to interrogate) the suspect for two hours before the captain joined the fun. 8. I already (to collect) all available evidence. 9. You ever (to make) a testimony in the courtroom? 10. They are not here yet, but I have no doubt that they (to arrive) by the time the will is opened. 11. Is she crazy? She (to stand) on the corner the whole morning. 12. I (to offer) her a job before you told me not to do it.
5. Put questions using the words in brackets:
1. The jury will have made their verdict by lunch time tomorrow. (Who? Alternative)
2. The suspect has already got rid of the weapon of crime. (What? General)
3. The victim had died before the ambulance arrived. (Who? Disjunctive)
6. Use may or might:
1. ... I take your pen for a while? 2. He is cleaning the flat after the party. You ,,, go and help him. 3. I have no idea where the key is. Your wife ... have taken it. 4. They ... be smoking in the lobby. 5. You ... have booked a seat for me. 6. Don’t worry, she ... not have got your message yet.
7. Use little, a little, few, a few:
1. The message was not long: just ... words. 2. His diet requires very ... salt and sugar. 3. She needs ... care and attention. 4. Mr Grow, there are ... messages for you from your clients. 5. We must go to a petrol station, we have ... petrol. 6. It took them ... time to fix the car, they replaced ... minor parts. 7. I know ... people from that firm, but none of them will become an insider.
8. Use articles where necessary:
1. The situation in ... Middle East remains unstable. 2. ... Urals is the natural border between ... Europe and ... Asia. 3. The fisheries around ... British Isles suffer from oil pollution. 4. I think we should stay at ... Station Hotel. 5. Five witnesses proved that he had spent the previous night at ... Red Rose. 6. They intend to spend their holidays in ... south of Spain. 7. A new hydropower plant will be built on ... Beresina. 8. We need a considerable sum of money to redevelop the area near ... Lake Naroch. 9. ... Buckingham Palace is the official residence of the British Monarch.
9. Choose the correct prepositions:
1. He was looking through the documents ... I was driving. (during, while, till). 2. The conference will be held ... next month. (on, at, -) 3. He is looking ... the minutes of the last meeting. (for, to, -) 4. She will have finished the draft of the contract ... 4 o’clock. (until, for, by) 5. He arrived ... home long before midnight. (by, -, at) 6. The payment must be made ... the end of the month. (in, on, at) 7. The delegation is leaving ... Prague. (to, in, for) 8. We are interested ... your offer. (of, about, in) 9. This firm is famous ... its world known electronic equipment. (in, for, at)
* * * * *
Вопросы к зачету (3 семестр):
SEMESTER 4
Для успешного выполнения контрольной работы N1 необходимо изучить следующий грамматический материал:
Passive Voice (Active and Passive forms)
Gerund
Infinitive
Participles
Verbs to be, to have in their modal meaning
TEST 4 (Variant A)
1. Read the text:
NATIONAL ASSEMBLY OF BELARUS
Under the Constitution of the Republic of Belarus the supreme legislative power belongs to the National Assembly, which consists of two houses: the House of Representatives and the Council of the Republic. The House of Representatives is usually referred to as the upper chamber and the House of Representatives - as the lower one.
The House of Representatives consists of 110 members, who are elected on the basis of general free equal direct suffrage by secret ballot. Any citizen of Belarus at least 21 years of age may be elected to the House of Representatives.
* The Council of the Republic is formed in the following way: 6 regions and the capital city of Minsk elect 8 members to the house each. Eight members are appointed directly by President. The total membership of the house is 64 members. Any citizen of Belarus at least 30 years of age and a resident of the corresponding region for at least 5 years may be elected a member of the Council of the Republic.
The term of office of the National Assembly is 4 years. The houses have two sessions a year: the first begins in October, the second session begins in April. Each house elects a chairman and his assistants from its members. They organise the work of the houses. The houses form standing committees and other bodies from their members for legislative work.
* The House considers bills concerning amendments to the Constitution, home and foreign policies, military doctrine, international treaties, rights, freedoms and duties of citizens, country budget, taxation and others. It declares presidential election, approves presidential nominee for the post of Prime Minister, approves the programme of the Government introduced by Prime Minister. The House of Representatives initiates the process of the impeachment and serves other functions.
The Council of the Republic approves the bills concerning changing or amending the Constitution passed by the House of Representatives, approves presidential nominees for the posts of Chairman of the Constitutional Court, Chairman and Judges of the Supreme Court, General Procurator and other higher officials. It appoints six judges of the Constitutional Court and elects six members of the Central Election Committee and serves some other functions.
2. Translate the marked paragraphs (*) into Russian.
3. Answer the following questions to the text:
1. How are the Representatives elected? 2. How is the upper chamber formed? 3. What chamber approves the governmental programme? 4. What chamber considers amendments to the Constitution?
4. Use the verbs in brackets in their corresponding passive tense forms:
1. This instruction (to refer to) very often, though it (to issue) in 1981. 2. Your plan (to discuss) now and I think it (to approve) by 5 o’clock. 3. When you entered the room the contract already (to sign). 4. He (to offer) several projects but he didn’t choose any. 5. I believe his new business (to register) next week.
5. Change the active constructions into the passive ones :
1. We shall deliver your order next morning. 2. We have already discussed these items. 3. I think the Assembly will have adopted the amendment by the end of the session. 4. The police take measures to prevent drug trafficking. 5. Mr Jones and his assistants are studying you report now.
6. Put questions to the underlined words and word combinations:
1. The news has already been spread by mass media.
2. The construction of this magnificent building was financed by private persons. (General)
3. The above mentioned funds will be remitted next week. (Alternative)
7. Underline and identify (in brackets) the non-finite forms of the verb:
1. There is plenty of work to be done. 2. I am very proud to have met him. 3. They reached London, having been away seven weeks. 4. The lecturer invited by Mike didn’t make any special impression on the guests. 5. The flight having been delayed for two hours was finally announced. 6. She was ashamed for having been suspended from duties.
8. Write the sentences in which the verbs to have and to be are used in their modal meaning and translate them into Russian:
1. Mike has got a new car. 2. They are students of the Law Department. 3. He had to type the report himself because his secretary was on a sick-leave. 4. Have you received the letter yet? 5. Is Mike reading up for his exams? 6. They had to walk to the station in the rain, didn’t they? 7. I understand that you don’t want to do this now, but you will have to sooner or later. 8. John and Alice are to be ready with the costumes on Friday and Jill is to record the soundtrack till Saturday.
9. Insert prepositions:
1. They have been working hard and are looking forward ... holidays. 2. The decision doesn’t depend ... the emotions, it is pure business. 3. They are suspected ... trafficking drugs from Amsterdam. 4. I must have insisted ... his participation in the project. 5. The clients complain ... bad quality of model RX3025 vacuum-cleaners. 6. Unfortunately, they didn’t pay attention ... Clause 23 of the Contract. 7. The resolution is being ... discussion now. 8. The both parties were satisfied ... the verdict. 9. There was no objection ... his part. 10. The question is ... consideration now, but no decision has been made yet.
TEST 4 (Variant B)
1. Read the text:
LEGISLATION IN BELARUS
Under the Constitution of the Republic of Belarus the right to initiate the legislative process belongs to President, members of the Chamber of Representatives, Council of the Republic, Government and to the citizens of Belarus numbered not less than 50,000.
If a bill concerns changes or amendments to the Constitution, the legislative process can be initiated only by President or at least 150,000 citizens of Belarus.
Normally there are two stages in the life of a bill. The first stage is the drafting of the bill. The bill is usually prepared in the Ministries or in the corresponding parliamentary committees. This stage is very important, because the quality of preparatory work determines the success of the legislative process in the whole. During this stage consultations with the involved state organs, businesses, legal experts are taken.
Any bill is firstly considered in the Chamber (House) of Representatives and then in the Council of the Republic. Normally a bill has three readings in the house. The first reading is rather formal, it is in fact an introduction of the bill. Then the bill is sent to a corresponding standing or a specially formed committee of the House. In the committee the bill is amended and sent for the second reading to the House. During the second reading the bill is debated and amended by the members of the House. When the opinions and amendments of the representatives are included in the bill it is voted by the House. A bill passes in the House if it is approved by simple majority of representatives.
* The bills approved by the Chamber of Representatives are sent to the Council of the Republic during 5 days, where they may be considered no more than 20 days. In the Council of the Republic a bill is submitted to mostly the same procedure as in the House of Representatives. If the higher house votes down the bill, the Houses may form a conciliatory committee to resolve the differences. After the differences are resolved the bill is sent to both Houses for approval.
* The bill passed in both Houses during 10 days is sent to President for signing. President has the right to veto a bill. To override the presidential veto both houses must reapprove the bill by two-thirds of their members.
2. Translate the marked paragraphs (*) into Russian.
3. Answer the following questions to the text:
1. What happens during the first stage of the life of a bill? 2. Does a citizen of the Republic of Belarus have the right to initiate a legislation? 3. When is a conciliatory committee formed? 4. How can the presidential veto be overridden?
4. Use the verbs in brackets in their corresponding passive tense forms:
1. She asked where the meeting (to hold) the day before. 2. The agreement between the parties (to arrive at) at the previous meeting. 3. The access code of my computer (to change) every day. 4. The money (to steal) while the office (to redecorate). 5. The financial documents on this transaction already (to send for), they (to bring) in a minute.
5. Change the active constructions into the passive ones:
1. We are considering your plan at the moment. 2. The secretary has just sent the invitations. 3. The team will have completed the adjustments by Tuesday. 4. Mr Goldstein proposed a new plan of the advertising campaign. 5. After the solicitor had announced the details of the deal the parties signed the necessary documents.
6. Put questions to the underlined word combinations and using the prompts:
1. The new product is being successfully promoted in Europe.
2. This candidate has won numerous supporters. (General)
3. The elections will be held next month. (Alternative, Disjunctive)
7. Underline and identify (in brackets) the non-finite forms of the verb:
1. It was so pleasant to be driving a car after a long illness. 2. The senior partner dislikes being contradicted. 3. Having adopted the bill the assembly left for a lunch break. 4. The judge listened to the accused without speaking. 5. There are a few letters to be written and submitted for signature. 6. The draft of the declaration written by the committee needs thorough studies.
8. Write the sentences in which the verbs to have and to be are used in their modal meaning and translate them into Russian:
1. He was to have handed the essay in on Monday, but he didn’t. 2. Will Jerry have one more try? 3. He wants to be a lawyer and I am sure he will be a good one. 4. You will have to pass the driving test if you want to drive an office car. 5. Excuse me! I am to write a report on the Criminal Law of the USA. Could you help me to find the information in the Internet? 6. He has been living in London since childhood. 7. He is living alone now, so he has to cook and clean himself. 8. I have to register the employees every morning.
9. Insert prepositions:
1. You might have paid more attention ... that client. 2. The shoplifter was sentenced ... six months’ imprisonment. 3. The police suspected him ... blackmailing. 4. I’m sure you have nothing to complain ... . 5. I don’t insist ... the immediate tax reduction. 6. They are looking forward ... the moment of your arrival. 7. The governmental programme consists ... three basic stages. 8. The supplier was satisfied ... the terms of payment. 9. The lawyer pointed ... some discrepancies in the contract. 10. You shouldn’t depend ... anybody in your decisions.
TEST 4 (Variant C)
1. Read the text:
THE JUDICIAL SYSTEM OF THE REPUBLIC OF BELARUS
Under the Constitution of the Republic of Belarus the judicial power in the Republic is vested in courts of law. The judicial system of the Republic is made up of courts of law of three tiers. On the top of the judicial pyramid is the Supreme Court of the Republic of Belarus. It is the highest appellate court of the country. It is headed by the Chairman of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Belarus who is appointed by the President on the consent of the upper house of the National Assembly - the Council of the Republic. The Supreme Court judges are nominated by the President on the advice of the Chairman and must be approved by the Council of the Republic. Once approved, all members of the Court hold office for life. The Supreme Court includes separate divisions for civil, criminal and military cases. It has original jurisdiction in cases involving foreign dignitaries and those in which the state is a party. It also may decide most serious criminal cases and hear appeals from lower courts.
The middle tier of the republican judicial system is made up of six regional courts and the Minsk Town Court. The composition of those courts is similar to that of the Supreme Court. All judges of the regional courts including their chairmen are nominated by the President on the recommendation of the Chairman of the Supreme Court and the Minister of Justice for life. These courts deal with major criminal, civil and military cases and hear appeals from inferior courts. The decisions of the regional courts may be appealed only to the Supreme Court.
* At the bottom of the judicial pyramid are district and town courts spread all over the country. Most litigation starts in these courts. A district or town court usually consists of a chairman and a number of judges, depending on the size and the population of the district. In a trial one judge and two public representatives take part. All judges of these inferior courts are appointed by the President on the recommendation of the Chairman of the Supreme Court and the Ministry of Justice. The first term of office of an inferior court judge is five years; all other judges are appointed for life. District and town courts decide both criminal and civil cases and deal with administrative matters involving disputes between individuals and individuals and government departments. The decisions of district and town courts may be appealed to the corresponding regional courts and further up to the Supreme Court of the Republic of Belarus.
2. Translate the marked paragraph (*) into Russian.
3. Answer the following questions to the text:
1. How many tiers does the judicial system of the RB consist of? 2. In what kind of cases does the Supreme Court have original jurisdiction? 3. How are the judges of the middle tier appointed? 4. How can the decisions of the lower courts be appealed?
4. Use the verbs in brackets in their corresponding passive tense forms:
1. Your case (to hear) next week. 2. The conditions of the transaction (to discuss) when we entered the room. 3. The agreement on co-operation already (to sign). 4. It is a successful firm and it (to buy) by the end of the week. 5. The salary of the workers (to remit) to the firm’s bank account every two weeks.
5. Change the active constructions into the active ones:
1. We have already bought all necessary equipment for the firm. 2. Mr Marcus will fix all formalities. 3. The bank sends account balances to its clients every month. 4. They are working on the web-site for their firm now. 5. The secretary informed the chief manager about the accident.
6. Put questions to the underlined word combinations and using the prompts:
1. The copier is being repaired now. (Disjunctive)
2. They will be sent to investigate the crime. (General)
3. The damage has already been repaired by the insurance company. (Alternative)
7. Underline and identify (in brackets) the non-finite forms of the verb:
1. I have a few things to be fixed. 2. The delivered goods were not the ones indicated in the specification. 3. It is so nice to have been invited to spend a fortnight in your country home. 4. He complains of having been mistreated by the police. 5. Having completed the work he asked for a week’s leave. 6. Before leaving she made several phone calls.
8. Write the sentences in which the verbs to have and to be are used in their modal meaning and translate them into Russian:
1. You will have to correct your mistake yourself. 2. He is good at making people angry. 3. I had to rent a flat because the conditions in the dormitory were not ideal. 4. I couldn’t pay in time as I had problems with my bank. 5. Excuse me, is it you who does registration of the delegates? 6. You are to be at the station at 9:30. 7. He has to do the work of two people because his partner is on leave. 8. Mr Cage was to have delivered the samples, but he hasn’t shown up yet.
9. Insert prepositions:
1. We are quite satisfied ... the results of the tests. 2. We are looking forward ... the new Tax Code. 3. The police searched ... the weapon of the crime. 4. The procurator insisted ... two years’ imprisonment. 5. The decision of the jury must not depend ... their emotions. 6. His son was accused ... theft. 7. It is odd but in our country only very rich people can borrow money ... the bank. 8. You may apply ... this job but one needs experience to get it. 9. A man and a woman were arrested and charged ... robbery. 10. He says he is leaving ... Jamaica on business with his secretary.
TEST 4 (Variant D)
1. Read the text:
JUDICIARY OF GREAT BRITAIN
The highest court of the UK is the House of Lords, which exercises the judicial function of Parliament. Appeals are referred to an Appellate Committee of the House. An appeal must be heard by at least three of the Lords: the Lord Chancellor, the Lords of Appeal in Ordinary, and such peers as hold or have held high judicial office. The House has appellate jurisdiction only in civil and criminal cases from the Courts of Appeal in England and Northern Ireland and in civil cases only from the Court of Session in Scotland.
The Court of Appeal sits in both civil and criminal divisions. The Civil division hears appeals from the High Court, county courts, certain special courts and tribunals. The Criminal division hears appeals by persons convicted on indictment in the Crown Courts.
* The High Court in its civil jurisdiction is divided into three Divisions: (Queen’s Bench, Chancery, and Family) to each of which certain kinds of cases are assigned. Divisional courts of each of the divisions, consisting of two or more judges, have limited appellate jurisdiction in certain cases. The criminal jurisdiction of the High Court is exercised exclusively by the Queen’s Bench Division. A divisional court of two or three judges of that Division deals with appeals from a Crown Court and magistrates’ courts, and also exercises the supervisory jurisdiction of the court.
The Crown Court exercises criminal jurisdiction and sittings are held regularly at major towns throughout England and Wales. It comprises judges of the Queen’s Bench Division of the High Court, Circuit judges and Recorders (part-time judges). They sit singly with juries trying persons charged on indictment with crimes. A judge of the Crown Court sits with two to four justices of the peace to hear appeals from magistrates’ courts.
The Central Criminal Court, known as the Old Bailey, is a sitting of the Crown Court, having criminal jurisdiction only over offences committed in Greater London or on the high seas.
County courts have exclusively civil jurisdiction, which is limited in extent and in area. The judges are persons who also hold office as Circuit Judges of the Crown Court.
* Magistrates’ courts consist of a magistrate or of from two to seven justices of the peace. These courts have civil jurisdiction in relation to certain debts, licences, and domestic proceedings. In the exercise of criminal jurisdiction one or more justices may sit as examining magistrates to conduct a preliminary investigation into an indictable offence.
2. Translate the marked paragraphs (*) into Russian.
3. Answer the following questions to the text:
1. Who hears appeals in the House of Lords? 2. What administrative function does the High Court exercise? 3. What courts use juries for judging cases? 4. What is the range of cases magistrates’ courts deal with?
4. Use the verbs in brackets in their corresponding passive tense forms:
1. Mr Sage (to inform) about the meeting as soon as he contacts me. 2. Last week the press (to invite) for a briefing immediately after the talks (to complete). 3. Will you come to my assistant’s office, please, my office (to refurnish) now. 4. The flight (to delay) so we may have coffee. 5. The documents (to prepare) by 11 a.m. tomorrow.
5. Change the active constructions into the passive ones:
1. I have already sent for the doctor. 2. Dangerous driving causes many accidents. 3. Mr Brandon gave me two hours to make a decision. 4. Some engineers are testing our new device now. 5. They will have completed the tests by the end of the day.
6. Put questions to the underlined words and word combinations. Use the prompts in brackets:
1. This initiative will be supported by many politicians. (Disjunctive)
2. The lawyer has already been sent for. (General)
3. Your room is being cleaned now by the room service. (Alternative)
7. Underline and identify (in brackets) the non-finite forms of the verb:
1. Having been kept in the waiting room for an hour we were at last shown into the office. 2. After having made the decision he felt uneasy. 3. I’m glad to have helped you in that very complicated case. 4. When asked about his police service he usually gets furious. 5. While thinking the case over Mr Holmes used to play the violin.
8. Write the sentences in which the verbs to have and to be are used in their modal meaning and translate them into Russian:
1. You don’t have to make the list of absentees every day. 2. I was to have written this article by Monday, but I fell ill. 3. He had many responsibilities when he worked for the bank. 4. These offices are being redecorated at the moment. 5. I think you will have to take a taxi to get there. 6. Did you have to fix all papers on Mr Glen’s mortgage? 7. This document is to be issued in duplicate. 8. Mr Corg has invited you for lunch in his office.
9. Insert prepositions:
1. Have you ever been ... the USA? 2. You might have insisted ... this clause to be included ... the agreement. 3. The result of the talks will depend ... the common sense of the parties. 4. He is suspected ... selling classified information. 5. Your mistake is that you pay too little attention ... small details. 6. I’m afraid we’ll have to borrow money ... the bank, though I hate it. 7. When are you leaving ... Minsk? 8. If I’m not mistaken his son was charged ... hold-up and sentenced ... two years’ imprisonment. 9. He is a trigger-tempered person, so he spends a good deal of his incomes ... lawyers. 10. ... the Constitution the state provides its citizens ... free medical service.
TEST 4 (Variant E)
1. Read the text:
THE EXECUTIVE POWER OF THE UK
The head of the government is the prime minister. The prime minister is the leader of the majority party in Parliament and has the power to appoint and dismiss ministers. The prime minister is the main representative of the government and recommends the appointment of some senior judges and of senior clergy of the Church of England. The prime minister also draws up the annual list of honours, which are usually awarded on New Year Day.
* The prime minister selects a Cabinet of ministers. The Cabinet develops the government’s policies, which are presented as proposed legislation to Parliament, and exercises control over government departments. Meetings of the Cabinet are held in private, and strict secrecy is maintained. Some matters are discussed by Cabinet committees, which consist of the ministers involved. The Cabinet Office handles the records of Cabinet meetings and provides information to ministers. To maintain liability the Cabinet must act as a collective group and issue unanimous statements and policies. If a minister does not agree with Cabinet policies, that minister must resign.
Ministers head government departments and are responsible for the work of those departments. There are many government departments of various sizes and complexity. Major departments include the Treasury, the Ministry of Defence, the Ministry of Health, the Home Office, the Foreign Office and the Post Office. Most of the work of government departments is carried out by members of the civil service. Because none of the positions held by civil servants is an elective or political appointment a change in government does not affect a department’s staff.
Local government is carried out primarily by locally elected councils. There are numerous administrative divisions, each with its own council. The largest division is a county; it has a county council. There are also borough councils, rural district and urban district councils, district town councils (in Scotland), and parish councils. These councils are responsible for providing such services as garbage disposal, water supplies, sewerage, and street cleaning. They also administer the police and fire services as well as education, certain health services, and housing. Members of councils are elected and generally belong to one of the major political parties. Income for the operation of local government comes partly from the national government and partly from property taxes or domestic rates.
2. Translate the marked paragraph (*) into Russian.
3. Answer the following questions to the text:
1. What do the local councils administer? 2. Why doesn’t the change of government affect the department’s stuff? 3. How does the Cabinet propose its policy? 4. How does the Cabinet maintain liability?
4. Use the verbs in brackets in their corresponding passive tense forms:
1. This firm (to run) by the Petersons, it (to found) in 1923. 2. I can’t make a decision on the case, too many mistakes (to make) during the investigation stage. 3. As soon as your luggage (to find) it (to send) to your office or to your hotel. 4. The centre of the town (to rebuild) now: the old buildings (to take down) and the new ones (to construct). The project (to complete) by the end of this century.
5. Change the active constructions into the passive ones:
1. They will give you this job. 2. They asked Mr Brokas to open the ceremony. 3. I have no doubt that Cohen & Blatt will accept our offer. 4. You may not enter the room: they are holding the shareholders’ meeting there. 5. Mr Done has asked Mrs Donson to reorganise the work of the department.
6. Put questions to the underlined words and word combinations. Use the prompts in brackets:
1. All confidential documents are being disposed of now. (Disjunctive)
2. He will be ruined if this information leaks. (General)
3. They have been promised a very profitable contract on the delivery of timber. (Alternative)
7. Underline and identify (in brackets) the non-finite forms of the verb:
1. She hates to be sent to the nearest cafe to bring a hot-dog for her boss. 2. Having been fired she sued her former employer for sexual harassment. 3. The signed will was locked in the drawer of the desk never to be found. 4. Many important people are involved in the case, so I feel like walking on a string. 5. We are very grateful for your having accepted our plan.
8. Write the sentences in which the verbs to have and to be are used in their modal meaning and translate them into Russian:
1. Mike was late for work every other day, so I had to fire him. 2. She has not only to shorthand but to make coffee during the breaks. 3. They had a wonderful possibility to take over that business, but they considered the deal for too long. 5. She is a very capable divorce lawyer. 6. I am to contact Mr Morris as soon as possible: we have serious problems. 7. You will have to take the consequences of your foolish decision. 8. You were to have prepared the room for hearings by 8:00.
9. Insert prepositions:
1. The committee usually spends much time ... preparing a bill. 2. I can’t understand why you insist ... going to the seaside ... train. 3. There is big demand ... experienced lawyers. 4. If there is any problem contact ... me or ... Mr Gutter at once. 5. He is not married, so he is sent ... business very often. 6. Borrowing money ... the bank seems very risky in such situation. 7. I must apologise ... him ... my inadequate behaviour. 8. If you concentrate ... your work you will not make so many silly mistakes. 9. Are you leaving ... Boston or ... New York? 10. I want to draw your attention ... Clause 6 of the Contract.
* * * * *
Вопросы к зачету (4 семестр):
SEMESTER 5
Для успешного выполнения контрольной работы N5 необходимо изучить следующий грамматический материал:
Sequence of Tenses
Direct and Indirect /Reported/ Speech
Subjunctive Mood
Imperative Mood
Neither, either, both
TEST 5 (Variant A)
1. Read the text:
TYPES OF LEGAL PROFESSIONS IN BELARUS
There are many types of legal professions in the Republic of Belarus. Lawyers in this country may hold offices both in the judicial system and outside it, that is in other fields of public life. They may work as judges in courts of law, advocates, or counsels for the defence, public prosecutors, or counsels for the prosecution, procurators, investigators, notaries, chamber counsels and legal advisers. To become a lawyer and to occupy one of the above numbered positions in the Republic of Belarus one must get special legal university training.
A judge is a public official with authority to hear and decide cases in a law court. All judges in the RB are appointed by President on the recommendation of the Ministry of Justice and the Chairman of the Supreme Court. A judge’s first term of office in inferior courts (lowest courts, courts of the first tier ) is five years. All other judges are appointed for life.
A public prosecutor (a Counsel for the Prosecution in Great Britain, a prosecuting attorney in the USA) is a legal official who officially says that someone is guilty of a crime and must be judged by court of law. He represents someone in court when they are bringing a case against someone else. He prosecutes criminal cases on behalf of the State or the public.
An advocate (a Counsel for the Defence in Great Britain, a defence attorney in the USA) is a lawyer who speaks in court of law and supports the defence. He is an expert in the interpretation of the law and on advocacy.
A procurator decides whether someone should be sent to court for trial. He is a legal officer with authority to act in all cases in which the State is a party. In some cases he may act as a public prosecutor.
An investigator is an official who investigates into a crime, examines all evidence and makes a careful study of the crime.
A notary is a lawyer who has the legal power to make a signed statement or document, or its copy official.
Chamber counsels and legal advisers are lawyers who do legal work, carry out legal arguments outside court and may represent their firms, enterprises or institutions in all kinds of disputes between legal entities and individuals in court.
2. Answer the questions to the text:
1. What is the educational qualification of a lawyer in RB? 2. When is a judge appointed for a five years term? 3. What legal officers may be found in a court of law during a trial? 4. What offices can a lawyer occupy outside the judicial system? 5. When do people need the services of a notary?
3. Report the sentences:
1. “With his backgrounds he will never be elected,” said Frank with a note of sarcasm in his voice. 2. Keith exclaimed, ”You can’t blame me! You both know quite well that I remitted this money yesterday.” 3. The supercargo picked up the receiver and ordered, ”Stop loading the ship right now!” 4. Mr. Donovan said, ”A falling stock market affects even trustee securities.” 5. “I am a shorthand typist,” she said. “I am working now as secretary for Mr. Pack.” 6. The head of the board said, ”I was informed yesterday that the bank auditors will come to check our files on Thursday next week. So, gentlemen, prepare all our books for inspection, please.”
4. Report the questions:
1. “Have you witnessed the accident?” the policeman asked a passer-by. 2. “What do you think about the report? Do you think the situation is really so serious?” Nel asked her brother. 3. After a pause he asked, ”Is she really going to submit this evidence to the court?” 4. “When will the payment clause of the contract be ready?” the head asked the junior partner. 5. “We can get there either by bus or by tube, can’t we? the tourist asked. 6. “What the hell is going on here?” Mr. Brave asked his neighbour in a whisper.
5. Change the questions into indirect ones using the following beginnings: I want to know ..., I’d like to know ..., I’m interested ..., I wonder ..., etc.:
1. What time is it? 2. Did you see him yesterday? 3. When is he going to honour us with his presence? 4. What were you doing when I telephoned you yesterday? 5. Have you already sent the invitations to all people in the list?
6. Put questions to the following sentences:
1. This little tropical country provides almost half of the world’s supply of raw latex. ( What? How much? )
2. The draft of the contract has been worked on for three days, but a compromise is not found. ( How long? )
3. A group of two men and a woman was arrested yesterday in Western Germany on suspicion of trafficking weapons for terrorist groups. ( When? What...on? Where? )
4. The top experts of the UNO prophesy the further economic problems for Russia and other CIS countries. (Alternative, Disjunctive)
7. Use both, either, neither:
1. ... tourist agencies offer their clients very attractive services and seasonal reductions. 2. He can speak ... French ... German, that’s why he can’t be our representative in Europe. 3. After such a long walk they were ... tired and hungry. 4. Did you remit money by mail or by telex? ... . I sent it by SWIFT. 5. ... of them have suitable experience for such an important job: ... will cope with the task successfully. 6. There are two ways to get there: ... by sea ... by plane.
8. Translate into English:
1. Если я получу эти бумаги, Вы будете извещены немедленно. 2. Мой шеф разорвал бы меня на части, если бы я не сдал отчет вовремя. 3. Хотел бы я сейчас валяться на солнышке где-нибудь на Ривьере. 4. Если бы я был свидетелем этой аварии, я бы сообщил об этом полиции. 5. Я бы хотел иметь меньше работы по пятницам. 6. Если бы знали местонахождение подозреваемого, мы бы задержали его.
TEST 5 (Variant B)
1. Read the text:
THE SYSTEM OF COURTS IN THE UNITED STATES
The judicial branch has the responsibility of judging the constitutionality of acts of law.
According to the Constitution “the judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as Congress may from time to time ordain and establish”. The United States has a unique double system of judiciary: federal and state.
The federal system is headed by the US Supreme Court. The US Supreme Court is the highest tribunal in the United States. It includes a Chief Justice and eight associate justices. They are all appointed by the President and approved by the Senate.
Under the Constitution the Supreme Court has original jurisdiction in cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls and cases in which a state is a party. In all other cases the Supreme Court’s jurisdiction is only appellate.
There are 12 Federal Courts of Appeal. The principal function of an appellate court is to review a trial court’s actions and decisions in given cases, and to decide whether the trial judge properly followed the law and legal precedent. In criminal or civil cases where a jury is used, the appellate court may have to decide whether the jury’s decision was proper.
The lower tier of the federal court system are United States District Courts. There are 91 Federal District courts throughout the country. They are trial courts of primary jurisdiction. The function of a trial court is to receive and consider evidence in a case and make judgements based on the facts and underlying law and legal precedent. District Courts primarily hear cases involving violations of federal law.
The state system of courts repeats the pattern of the federal system. It also consists of three tiers and is headed by a Supreme Court. The functions and powers of a state Supreme Court are similar to those of the US Supreme Court within the authority of a state constitution. Each state has a court of appeal. Appellate court judges review the earlier trial and determine whether or not it was fair, according to the law.
The lower tier of a state system are courts of trial. Trial courts at the state level may be divided into courts of limited jurisdiction and courts of general jurisdiction. Courts of limited jurisdiction rule on minor civil matters and minor violations of the criminal law. Courts of general jurisdiction consider more serious civil and criminal cases.
2. Answer the questions to the text:
1. Why is the USA judiciary system considered to be a unique one? 2. What is the structure of the federal system of courts? 3. What is the jurisdiction of a US District Court? 4. Does the Supreme Court of the USA have original jurisdiction or appellate jurisdiction? 5. What are the functions of the appellate courts of both federal and state systems?
3. Report the sentences:
1. In his message Mr. Hogarth wrote, ”To my regret I will not be able to attend the annual meeting of shareholders because of my illness.” 2. “You have found the son, haven’t you?” asked Harris. “No,” I replied. “I found the daughter. The son is dead.” “Bad luck,” Harris said. ”That means we are trustees for the estate until she is thirty-five, doesn’t it?” 3. “Uncle Douglas was afraid that I might spend the fifty-three thousand all at once,” she said. 4. “You cannot make any payment out of this letter of credit without the shipping documents being delivered,” the head of the department told his staff. 6. “We can arrange the payments in any way you prefer, as a quarterly or a monthly cheque,” Mr. Herond said.
4. Report the questions:
1. “Do you prefer to get the sum in traveller’s cheques or in cash?” the bank clerk asked the client. 2. “When did we make Mr. Graham’s will?” the senior partner asked the secretary. 3. “Miss Gibson, do you really realise the importance of these documents? Have you ever thought of the consequences of them being lost?” inquired Mr. Johnson trying to control his anger. 4. “You put all our fortune at stake in this business, didn’t you, John?” asked John’s wife. “Aren’t you wasting the family’s money?” she went on.
5. Change the questions into indirect ones using the following beginnings: I want to know ..., I’d like to know ..., I’m interested ..., I wonder ..., etc.:
1. How long has she been working for the firm? 2. By what time will the draft have been prepared? 3. The contract has already been signed, hasn’t it? 4. Did you contact the head office or the local branch of the bank? 5. Where is Mr Jones leaving for?
6. Put questions to the following sentences:
1. Unemployment is becoming a more and more destabilising factor for East-European countries. ( General. What factor? Disjunctive)
2. If I were you I would choose a different profession. ( Would? Why? )
3. Mr Grant has been working for the firm since 1973. (Since? Alternative )
4. You should submit the monthly budget to Mr Brommel for approval and signing. ( Whom? Should? Why? )
7. Use both, either, neither:
1. Do you want tea or coffee? ... . I don’t care. 2. The hotel is very cheap and it is ... clean ... comfortable. I do not recommend you to stay there. 3. ... you go with us ... you’ll have to spend a night in the forest alone. 4. Can ... of you speak English? 5. ... Mr Black ... Mr Brown can sign this letter but ... of them are out for lunch. 6. ... the police ... private detectives can help you in this matter, you will have to cope with it yourself.
8. Translate into English:
1. Я хотела бы приходить на работу когда мне захочется. 2. Вчера я видел такую картину! Если бы у меня была видеокамера, я бы снял отличный фильм для передачи “Сам себе режиссер”. 3. Что бы ты делал, если бы унаследовал приличную сумму денег? 4. Если бы он не женился, он бы закончил в тюрьме. 5. Что бы ты сделал, если бы нашел деньги - отдал бы полиции или оставил себе? 6. Если мы завтра не сумеем подписать контракт, мы будем вынуждены прекратить переговоры.
TEST 5 (Variant C)
1. Read the text:
MONEY
Money is used for buying or selling goods, for measuring value and for storing wealth. Almost every society now has a money economy based on coins and paper notes of one kind or another.
However, this has not always been true. In primitive societies a system of barter was used. Barter was a system of direct exchange of goods. Barter, however, was a very unsatisfactory system because people’s precise needs seldom coincided. People needed a more practical system of exchange, and various money systems developed, based on goods which the members of a society recognised as having value. Cattle, grain, teeth, shells, feathers, skulls, salt, elephant tusks and tobacco have all been used. Precious metals gradually took over because, when made into coins, they were portable, durable, recognisable and divisible into larger and smaller units of value.
A coin is a piece of metal, usually disc-shaped, which bears lettering, designs or numbers showing its value. Until the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries coins were given monetary worth based on the exact amount of metal contained in them, but most modern coins are based on face value, the value that government choose to give them, irrespective of the actual metal content. Coins have been made of gold (Au), silver (Ag), copper (Cu), aluminium (Al), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), plastic, and in China even from pressed tealeaves. Most governments now issue paper money in the form of notes, which are really ‘promises to pay’. Paper money is obviously easier to handle and much more convenient in the modern world, but it also has its weak points. You may be robbed of it while carrying your monthly salary home; you may loose it or just wash it with your dirty overalls. Today more and more people in the world prefer to use so-called ‘plastic money’ instead of cash. This kind of money helps to avoid accidental lost of your savings. Cheques, bankers’ cards, and credit cards are being used increasingly and it is possible to imagine a world where ‘money’ in the form of coins and paper currency will no longer be used. Even today, in the United States, many places - especially filling stations - will not accept cash at night for security reasons.
2. Answer the questions to the text:
1. What are the main functions of money? 2. Why did money as exchange means take over barter? 3. What is ‘face value’ of coins and banknotes? 4. Why are so-called ‘plastic money’ being used increasingly now? 5. Why is barter a very unsatisfactory system?
3. Report the sentences:
1. “Miss Welch is the worst typist I have ever employed,”complained Mr Dobson. “But I just can’t kick her out, some guy from the top is backing her up.” 2. Mary Rodway lit another cigarette and said, “You don’t believe it was suicide.” 3. “Lewis! We won’t want another suspect, we know who killed McFerson,”- Morse said. 4. “Twelve men are searching the yards for the knife,”- Philotson said with a note of childish optimism. 5. “There are no more corpses under the floorboards as yet,” Lewis reported. 6. “Tell her I’ll be there, even if they have to wheel me in,” continued Morse. 7. “It is great, you know, pretending to be somebody else,” said Julia Stevens, her laughing eyes over the glass of Budlight.
4. Report the questions:
1. “Aren’t you being a bit unfair, inspector?” asked Lewis. 2. “Do you call stomach contents interesting?” Dr Laura Hobson, the police pathologist, asked. 3. “What do you normally have on Fridays? Fish?” Inspector Morse asked. 4. “Shall I tell you about the regular procedure of taking fingerprints from the scene - including the corpse’s?” Morse wondered. 5. “Why have you applied for only two search warrants?” Lewis inquired. 6. “Can you explain me in the English language what Dr Hobson has written in her report?” Morse asked angrily.
5. Change the questions into indirect ones using the following beginnings: I want to know ..., I’d like to know ..., I’m interested ..., I wonder ..., etc.:
1. Where is the link between the two murders? 2. Can he suggest anything really worth his salary? 3. Is this turning into a bleeding interview or what? 4. When will the traffic police be able to tell us about that stolen red BMW?
6. Put questions to the following sentences:
1. The quantity of counterfeit 100$ bills circulating in West Europe is increasing these days. ( Where? General )
2. The public relations officer of the local police HQ has been asked numerous questions about the investigation. ( Who? What ... about?
3. Mr Grant had a certain problem with his car: his car had been stolen. ( What kind ...? Disjunctive )
4. The pathologist’s report will be ready tomorrow afternoon at the latest. ( When? Alternative )
7. Use both, either, neither:
1. ... Mr Cole ... Mr Hole can substitute for you, they ... have day-off on Wednesday, though I guess ... one ... the other will be happy to do so, they have already made their plans for the day-off. 2. ... his sons took much after him and they draw much attention of the police. 3. Excuse me! May I see Mr Jasper or Mr Ashley? - You can see ... of them. Mr Jasper has just left, Mr Ashley hasn’t arrived yet. 4. We have two suspects: Mr X and Mrs Y: ... matches your scheme of the crime and ... has an alibi. 5. Excuse me! I can’t understand your boss. Is he speaking French or German? - ... . He is speaking Russian slang.
8. Translate into English:
1. Если я получу уведомление до выходных, я организую доставку в среду. 2. Если бы мы были уверены в Вашей платежеспособности, мы бы смогли отгрузить Вам товар без предоплаты. 3. Жаль что я не президент нашей фирмы. 4. Я бы не попал в такую глупую ситуацию, если бы я знал его лучше. 5. На твоем месте я бы дважды подумал о последствиях. 6. Жаль что я не уехал, я бы смог избежать этих неприятностей.
TEST 5 (Variant D)
1. Read the text:
BANK ACCOUNTS
Banks provide various services for their clients. The main functions of banks are crediting of businesses, providing financial operations of their clients and making money for themselves. If you need a considerable sum of money for starting your own business you may take a loan from the bank or mortgage your house or your estate if you have any. But remember: you borrow an umbrella on a sunny day and, perhaps, you will have to give it back on a rainy one. Besides, the bank usually has its interest which may make a considerable sum. This is the reason why many people are not willing to borrow money from banks, but they use some other services of banks more willingly, for example they prefer to keep their money in banks. Banks have security systems and they insure their capital. So your money is safe in a bank if it is not a CIS bank, of course. That’s why the majority of people have their bank accounts and use them for different financial operations.
It’s very simple to open a bank account. There are very few formalities. Just go to your local branch and fill in a few forms. You will probably only have to pay bank charges if there is no money in your account or if you borrow money from the bank, in other words if you have an overdraft.
For regular everyday use most people prefer a current account. This normally earns no interest but you are given a cheque-book, which makes shopping and paying bills very easy. A deposit account earns interest but it’s not so easy to withdraw your money. You sometimes have to give a week’s notice.
At regular intervals, perhaps monthly, you will receive a statement from the bank, giving details of each deposit (money you put in) and withdrawal (money you take out). If you’re not sure how much money you have in your account, you can just go to your bank and ask what your balance is. If you have to make a regular payment, like rent, you can ask the bank to pay this amount for you automatically. This arrangement is called a standing order.
Some people spend more money than they receive. If you take more money out of the bank than you have in your account, you are overdrawn. The bank gives you a cheque-book for easy payments. To keep a record of your spending, it’s a good idea when you write a cheque to fill in the counterfoil, which stays in the book. Most cheques are crossed cheques, which means that no one else can cash them. They must be paid into someone’s account.
2. Answer the questions to the text:
1. Why aren’t people very willing to take loans from banks? 2. Why is your money safer in a bank than under your pillow? 3. What is the difference between a current account and a deposit account? 4. There are two ways of checking the state of your bank account. What are they? 5. When is a standing order used?
3. Report the sentences:
1. One line drew Heather’s particular attention. John wrote, ”I’m moving to some other place. Please, don’t try to find me - it’s no use.” 2. “I hope you will have good time at the sea, Jenny,” said Mr Grab giving her an envelope with the round trip ticket. 3. “Coincidences happen all the time; just that some of us don’t spot them,” Inspector said. 4. “It seems very likely at the minute that your, Julia, mother was involved in some way in the murder of your stepfather,” Morse said. 5. “Luis! Get somebody to check how Ashley came in possession of that BMW,” asked Morse. 6. Dr Hobson, the police pathologist, said, ”We have all the internal evidence; the two separate termini of the knife-points; two distinct sets of lacerations.”
4. Report the questions:
1. “Is there anything interesting?” Chief Inspector asked. 2. “How long will the coroner’s inquiry last?” Mrs Hobbson asked. 3. “Don’t you want to see the contents of his pockets?” Hoover asked Mr Hengy. 4. “Are you going to stay at your friend’s or at a hotel?” Sarah asked her brother. 5. “What were you doing at 6 p.m. on Friday?” the policeman asked the suspect. 6. “Have they, I mean the Jolstones, received a damage for their broken car?” Mrs Grandy interested.
5. Change the questions into indirect ones using the following beginnings: I want to know ..., I’d like to know ..., I’m interested ..., I wonder ..., etc.:
1. What forms do I need to fill in? 2. Does Mr Forbs work for Marville or Windtown branch of the bank? 3. Has Jenny applied for that job? 4. Were you travelling in France last September? 5. How long will the hearings last? 6. Where will the new building be constructed?
6. Put questions to the following sentences:
1. The police psychologist has been working on the psychological portrait of the serial murderer. ( What? Who?)
2. The phone call had been recorded 17 minutes before Mr Rotes arrived home. (How long? General)
3. If she had had that money she would have bought or rented that apartment, because it is located in a very convenient place. (Why? Disjunctive)
4. The payment should be done in three equal parts by the letter of credit issued for the total sum of the contract. (How? What letter? Alternative)
7. Use both, either, neither:
1. You will have to sign ... copies for the deal to be legal; one copy goes to the bank, the other to your lawyer. 2. I doubt that Mr Frisk has committed that crime; he had ... a motif ... possibility. 3. ... Mr Julian ... Mr Cross are experienced lawyers; you may consult ... of them. 4. Will you interview Mr Singh or Mrs Singh? ... of them, and fetch their butler too. 5. I reckon ... of them are able to cope with this case; they... are too trigger-tempered.
8. Translate into English:
1. Если бы у них были ключи им, не пришлось бы выбивать стекло. Если бы ты был умнее, ты мог бы допустить, что выбитое стекло может быть имитацией. 2. Как жаль что мистер Франк не принимает участия в расследовании. 3. Что бы ты делал, если бы тебя шантажировали? 4. Если они уедут завтра, они не смогут встретиться с мистером Вайном. 5. Если бы Вы перечислили сумму в оговоренные сроки, мы бы не подали иск на Вас. 6. Если бы он имел высшее образование, он бы сейчас занимал один из высших постов в фирме.
TEST 5 (Variant E)
1. Read the text:
THE WORLD TODAY
Every day mass media bring us news about what has happened or is going on in the world. Every day people switch on their radio- and TV-sets in hope to hear and see that there are no more wars, violence and hostilities, no crime, no hatred and envy, no disasters and accidents. But again and again half of what TV and radio broadcast doesn’t make people happy. We hear and see the same place-names of hotbeds and wars, assassinations and murders, nuclear tests and explosions, earthquakes and floods, hostages and refuges. The other, positive half of news does not make so much impression on people’s minds, and man’s memory keeps alarming information longer out of the inborn instinct of self-preservation. People think about their future and the possible impact world events may have on it. John Galsworthy, a great English novelist, once said, “If you don’t think about the future, you cannot have one”. Every year is rich in events of major or minor importance; every year journalists and reporters draw up their lists of the ten events that shook the world. And every man makes up his or her own list of the most important and impressive events of the year. One more year has passed, and we may sum up what it has brought about into this most beautiful of all possible worlds. Let’s try to remember at least some of those pieces of news that kept us glued to the screens of our TV-sets some years ago.
* Financial crisis in Russia followed by the resignation of the Government.
* American bombing and Tomahawk missiles shelling of Iraq.
* Israeli and Palestine leaders peace talks.
* Peaceful settlement of the catholic-protestant civil war in Northern Ireland.
* Clinton-Levinski love affair scandal. Congress started the procedure of President’s impeachment.
* Nuclear tests in Pakistan and India.
* Rise of the Islamic fundamentalism in Algeria.
A new day comes, and again we switch on our TV- and radio-sets in hope that the world has become better, that there are no wars, no hostilities, no crime, no violence, no hatred. And again and again we hear familiar names and see familiar places. But we should remember Earnest Hemingway’s words, “This world is a fine place and worth fighting for.”
2. Answer the questions to the text:
1. What disastrous events do the mass media cover? 2. Do you think mass media could give more positive information? 3. Why do people pay more attention to negative news? 3. What do you think the most important event a) in the world? b) in our republic was last year?
3. Report the sentences:
1. “I have never seen this man before,” responded Mr Holloway. 2. “She is not a liar, she lives in an imaginary world, which differs much from the real one,” Mrs Brongham tried to explain her niece’s behaviour. 3. A bit annoyed Tom said over the telephone, “I’m very busy now, I’m finishing my novel which must be ready on Monday at the latest. 4. “Call your lawyer right now, you are in big trouble,” Mike Hammer told the blonde who seemed to be unaware of the reality. 5. “The search warrant was issued last Tuesday, so we may visit Mr Brook’s flat any time,” Chief Inspector said. 6. “I’ve been informed that Mr and Mrs Lucas are arriving at Heathrow airport tomorrow at 15. 27 by Flight 2407 from Paris, so we shall prepare a welcoming ceremony,” Inspector Horney told his stuff at the briefing.
4. Report the questions:
1. “How long is he going to spend in prison?” Gerald Morkey asked his partner. 2. “Was it Carlos who visited the victim at the hotel on Friday last week?” Judge Brime asked the police officer, “Is it an evidence or only your supposition?” 3. “Will you sign this testimony if we guarantee your security?” Chief Inspector asked. 4. “What was that woman doing in the shop during the accident?” the attorney interested. 5. “Is there any doubt about him being guilty of the accident?” Mrs Volsky asked her brother.
5. Change the questions into indirect ones using the following beginnings: I want to know ..., I’d like to know ..., I’m interested ..., I wonder ..., etc.:
1. Have the second lot of the goods been already shipped? 2. Will you deliver the equipment by sea or by air? 3. When was the test report signed by our experts? 4. You are taking measures to reduce the consequences of the fault, aren’t you? 5. Was he sentenced to three or two years of imprisonment?
6. Put questions to the following sentences:
1. This amendment to the Constitution will broaden the executive powers of the Cabinet. ( What power? General )
2. The jury have already been invited to the jury room to make their verdict. ( Where? Why? )
3. Mr Brasson’s apartment is being searched now by agents Murphy and Jolstone. ( Whose? Whom? )
4. He was lost the trace of three years ago and has never showed up since then. ( When? Alternative )
7. Use both, either, neither:
1. I don’t believe ... Mr Horn ... his wife. ... of them are telling lies, I’m sure. 2. Did you phoned Mr Roberts or his secretary concerning your employment? ... . I contacted the Chief of Personnel Department. 3. We’ve got to choose between Mr Fontein and Mr Cloden. ... of them is an expert and is able to cope with the case. 4. ... you resign ... the firm will sue you for cheating. 5. Which business plan did you like best? To tell the truth I liked ..., but we have to choose one. 6. In the circumstances we can ... call the police ... handle the situation ourselves, so we’ll have to wait till some more information arrives.
8. Translate into English:
1. Я не удивлюсь если он подаст в суд на своего соседа. 2. На Вашем месте я бы не полагался на объективность судей, а нанял бы хорошего адвоката. 3. Хотел бы я знать, как люди становятся богатыми в стране, где законодательство этого не допускает. 4. Если бы мистер Кук не дал показаний, Фрост мог бы избежать наказания. 5. Жаль что я не встретился с Питером лично, когда был в Рио на прошлой неделе. Если бы я навестил его, нам не нужно бы было сейчас искать компромисс с его сыном.
* * * * *
Вопросы к зачету (5 семестр)
SEMESTER 6
Для успешного выполнения контрольной работы N6 необходимо повторить грамматический материал 1 - 5 семестров.
TEST 6 (Variant A)
1. Read the text:
THE PURPOSE OF STATE PUNISHMENT
What is the purpose of punishment? One purpose is obviously to reform the offender, to correct the offender’s moral attitudes and anti-social behaviour and to rehabilitate him or her, which means to assist the offender to return to normal life as a useful member of the community. Punishment can also be seen as a deterrent because it warns other people of what will happen if they are tempted to break the law and so prevents them from doing so. However, a third purpose of punishment lies, perhaps, in society’s desire for retribution, which basically means revenge. In other words, don’t we feel that a wrongdoer should suffer for his misdeeds? The form of punishment should also be considered. On the one hand, some believe that we should “make the punishment fit the crime”. Those who steal from others should be deprived of their own property to ensure that criminals are left in no doubt that crime doesn’t pay. For those who attack others corporal punishment should be used. Murders should be subject to the principle “an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth” and automatically receive death penalty. On the other hand, it is said that such views are unreasonable, cruel and barbaric and that we should show a more humane attitude to punishment and try to understand why a person commits a crime and how society has failed to enable him to live a respectable, law-abiding life.
National and local newspapers regularly print accounts of legal cases, and quite often the stories they choose are ones in which the punishment does not appear to fit the crime. It is easy to read a paragraph about a criminal case and to become outraged at the sentence passed by a judge. We have to remember that the short paragraph sums up a complicated legal case which might have taken hours, days or even weeks of court time, and that the judge knew a lot more about the case than a casual newspaper reader. However, sentences and penalties vary widely from one court to another. As every football fan knows referees make mistakes, and the referee is much more likely to be mistaken when his decision goes against one’s own team.
In England there are no minimum sentences, except for murder, which carries a penalty of life imprisonment. There are maximum sentences for other crimes.
2. Answer the questions to the text:
1. What are the three purposes of punishment? 2. What does the principle “an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth” mean? 3. Why do many people think that society should show a more humane attitude to punishment?
3. Analyse the underlined in the text phenomena.
4. Insert the required articles:
1. ... world is ... looking-glass and gives back to every man ... reflection of his own face. (W. Thackeray) 2. ... clever men are good but they are not ... best. (T. Carlyle) 3. Have you seen ... contract ... junior partner prepared for ... Browns? 4. ... injured were taken to ... hospital by ... passing car. 5. ... Lloyds Bank has numerous offices in ... Far East.
5. Insert the required prepositions:
1. What is she accused ...? 2. We may take advantage ... the rising market. 3. The attorney for the defence objected ... the question. 4. Your offer is being ... consideration now. 5. The case was decided in favour ... the plaintiff. 6. The execution of the contract was postponed ... account ... force major circumstances. 7. I left a message for you ... your secretary. 8. I’m afraid Mr Williams will insist ... your resignation.
6. Insert the required pronouns:
1. We don’t need ... additional investments. 2. We can do the work .... 3. Julia, call ... from the accounting department to explain me some points of the monthly balance. 4. Look! ... is going on down the street. 5. They ..., I mean Mr Nickolson and Mr Jadwick, are very good lawyers, so you may ask ... of them to help you with the will. 6. I’m sorry, there is ... I can do in the circumstances.
7. Put the verbs in brackets into correct tense forms:
1. I think we (can) meet next week. 2. Mr Haward informed us that a few days before the plant (to receive) a very large order from the Department of Defence. 3. If we (to sell) the AT&T shares last week we (to feel) more secure now. 4. He (to have) a university degree. 5. The contract (to sign) as soon as the above mentioned alterations (to make). 6. To my regret the sum under the contract (not/to remit) to our account with Vnesheconombank yet therefore we (to have) to postpone the shipment of items ATX305/06 and ATC 09012B until the funds (to come) to our account. 7. Julia says she (to look) for a job since July, but (not/to find) anything suitable yet. 8. Mr O’Tull’s case (to hear) at the moment. 9. I (to take) the job for IT&T before you (to telephone) me last week. 10. He usually(to start) his working day with the brain-washing of the department staff. 11. They (to negotiate) the contract for three days already. 12. When the victim (to enter) the hall the burglars (to search) for jewellery in the bedroom upstairs. 13. Well, I (to lend) you some money, but (to remember), it (to be) the last time. 14. The plant (to construct) by September, 25 to enable Prime Minister to cut the band. 15. This letter (to send) last month after we (to move) to a new apartment. 16. He said that he (to come) to see me the following weekend. 17. Mr Blossom (to come) to inspect our department tomorrow. 18. The appellation to the Supreme Court (to send) a week ago and we (to receive) the verdict in October at the latest.
TEST 6 (Variant B)
1. Read the text
KINDS OF CASES
There are two kinds of cases which are heard in courts of law: criminal cases and civil ones.
Civil cases are usually disputes between or among private citizens, corporations, government agencies and other organisations. Most often the party bringing the suit is asking for money damages for some wrong that has been done.
The party bringing the suit is called the PLAINTIFF; the party being sued is called the DEFENDANT. There may be many plaintiffs or many defendants in the same case.
The plaintiff starts the lawsuit by filing a paper called a COMPLAINT, in which the case against the defendant is stated. The next paper filed is usually the ANSWER, in which the defendant disputes what the plaintiff has said in the complaint. The defendant may also feel that there has been a wrong committed by the plaintiff, in which case a COUNTERCLAIM will be filed along with the answer. It is up to the plaintiff to prove the case against the defendant. The extend to which the plaintiff must prove the case is called the plaintiff’s BURDEN OF PROOF. In most civil cases the plaintiff’s burden of proof is a PREPONDERANCE OF EVIDENCE, it means that the plaintiff’s version of what happened in the case is more probably true than not true.
Jury verdicts do not need to be unanimous in civil cases. If there are twelve jurors the agreement of ten of them is necessary; five must agree if there are six jurors.
A criminal case is brought by the state or by a city against a person or persons accused of having committed a crime. The state or city is called the PLAINTIFF; the accused person is called the DEFENDANT. The charge against the defendant is called an INFORMATION or a COMPLAINT. The defendant is not guilty throughout the entire trial unless the plaintiff proves the defendant guilty. The plaintiff’s burden of proof is greater in criminal cases than in civil cases; the plaintiff must prove each element of the crime BEYOND REASONABLE DOUBT.
In criminal cases the verdict of the jury must be unanimous in order to overcome the presumption of innocence.
2. Answer the questions to the text:
1. What is “money damage”? 2. What does a complaint contain? 3. What does the defendant do if he thinks that there is harm done by the plaintiff? 4. In what cases the burden of proof is greater? Prove it.
3. Analyse the underlined in the text phenomena.
4. Insert the required articles:
1. ... experience is ... name everyone gives to ... his mistakes. (O. Wilde) 2. Revenge is ... inhuman word. (Seneca) 3. ... laws grind ... poor, ... rich men rule ... law. (O. Goldsmith) 4. ... sauna is .... best way to relax after ... stressful day. 5. They used ... Hague branch of ... Barclays Bank for legalising ... money made on ... drugs.
5. Insert the required prepositions:
1. We have to work out an adequate solution ... the problem. 2. Sorry, but you can’t see Mr Boyd; he is ... business. 3. I’m not at all satisfied ... this something which you call ‘an excellent presentation’. 4. With the age he is getting more and more suspicious ... his children’s intentions. 5. Mr Berringer is responsible ... this kind of cases. 6. We’ll need more time; it’s holidays season, so we are short ... staff. 7. How can you dare to accuse me ... carelessness?. 8. I think I have to congratulate Mr Lane ... his success ... the exhibition.
6. Insert the required pronouns:
1. The question is absolutely clear; there is ... to talk about. 2. We still have ... bottlenecks in the plan. 3. You will have to correct your mistake .... . 4. Yes, officer, I definitely saw ... at the front door, but I can’t say whether it was a man or a woman. 5. We have very ... time to find the proofs of his guilt. 6. Mr Pirs and Mr Ving are experts in different fields. I’m afraid in this case I’ll need the help of ....
7. Put the verbs in brackets into correct tense forms:
1. Mr Holtz (to negotiate) a very important item with his partners now. 2. Last month the firm (to lose) 1.5 mln. USD on oil transaction. 3. She (to receive) cheques every week. 4. They (to have) an old-fashioned office downtown. 5. After we (to contact) her three times she (to show up) last week. 6. The payment order (not/to sign) yet, because Mr Miser (to have) some misgivings about the legality of the transaction. 7. Thomas says he (to work) on the dissertation for 8 months, but there (to be) still plenty of work to be done. 8. I’m afraid we (not/can) to assist you in the negotiations next week. 9. They (to leave) the country three days before the crime (to commit), so they (to have) an alibi. 10. I (to complete) the draft of the business plan long ago, if you (to inform) me about the results of the market studies. 11. We (to collect) the evidence for three weeks already, but the procurator (not/to issue) a search warrant. 12. Mr Fawler (to talk) over the phone when I (to enter) his office. 13. I think I (to have) time for it next week. 14. The complaint (to prepare) by 11 a.m. tomorrow. 15. We (to study) your proposals after you (to submit) them in writing next Monday. 16. She said she (to work) overtime the next Friday if she (not/to cope) with the task in regular office hours. 17. Sorry, we (to be) out tomorrow morning, we (to visit) our solicitor. 18. The application form (to fill in) and (to send) already, so we (to expect) to receive a positive answer in two weeks.
TEST 6 (Variant C)
1. Read the text:
JURIES
Juries are a key part of the American judicial system. A jury may be defined as a certain number of persons, who are sworn in a court of law to inquire into certain matters of fact. The US Constitution guarantees that most criminal defendants are entitled to a trial by a jury. The defendant can waive this right and have the trial heard before a judge or other judicial officer without a jury. In most civil cases, either party may request a trial by jury. There are basically two types of juries: a petite jury and a grand jury. A petite jury is a group of 6 to 12 citizens who are sworn to determine the facts of a case. In a trial they listen to testimony and consider evidence and reach a verdict based on the facts presented. In a civil trial, the jury will be asked to find (rule) for the plaintiff or the defendant. In a criminal case, the jury must decide whether, under the law of their state, the accused is guilty or not guilty. A grand jury may be used to hear evidence in the initial stages of the most serious criminal proceedings in state and federal courts. There are 16 to 23 persons on a grand jury. Their role is to hear evidence presented by the prosecutor, and determine whether the evidence is sufficient to bring the accused to trial.
The grand jury does not hear evidence from the defendant or the defence attorney. The proceedings of a grand jury are secret. While the rules may vary from state to state, if a majority of the grand jury agrees that there is probable cause to believe that the accused committed the crime, the grand jury issues an “indictment”, formally charging the person of committing the crime.
In most countries jurors are selected at random from voter registration records and placed on a list of potential jurors. To be eligible for jury service, one must be over 18 years of age, a citizen of the country in which he or she is to serve as a juror, able to communicate in the language of the country. Jurors may be excused from jury service if they have illnesses that would interfere with their ability to do a good job, would suffer great hardship if required to serve, or are unable to serve for some other reasons. A group of people from which trial juries are chosen is called “a jury pool”.
2. Answer the questions to the text:
1. What is he main function of a jury? 2. What is the basis of a jury’s verdict? 3. What is specific about the work of a grand jury? 4. How can a person be excused from jury service?
3. Analyse the underlined in the text phenomena.
4. Insert the required articles:
1. ... sharp tongue is ... only edged tool that grows keener with constant use. (W. Irving) 2. In ... country of ... blind ... one-eyed man is ... king. (Erasmus) 3. I like ... music, but ... music at the party yesterday was really awful. 4. He always stays at ... Hilton Hotel, dines at ... Maxim’s and reads ... Times. 5. Have you already called ... police?
5. Insert the required prepositions:
1. Would you please remind me ... the appointment ... the doctor? 2. He prefers working with people ... paper work. 3. The offender was sentenced ... two years of probate. 4. She said she was leaving ... China ... business. 5. The market studies department was divided ... three smaller ones. 6. The country suffers ... the lack of investments. 7. The composition of a state judiciary is similar ... that of the federal one. 8. We are incapable ... solving this problem without professional advice.
6. Insert the required pronouns:
1. Have we got ... information about this firm in our files? 2. Don’t worry, I’ll see to it ..., I have ... experience in the cases of this kind. 3. Has ... telephoned me this morning? Yes, ... has left a message for you with your secretary. 4. ... John ... Julia can speak Russian, so we’ll have to invite an interpreter. 5. The ... plans are good for nothing, though ... of them may be used as a basis for working out a suitable one.
7. Put the verbs in brackets into correct tense forms:
1. I (can) do it last week, but I (not/can) do it now; the situation (to change). 2. They reported that the suspect (to notice) at the airport the morning before. 3. If you (to phone) me I (not/to miss) that shareholders meeting last week. 4. She (to have) rich experience in divorce cases. 5. We (to continue) the work on the project when you (to return) next week. 6. The procedure of the access to the restricted area (to change) recently. 7. Mr Mott informed that a tax inspector (to come) to check the books the next day. 8. The fax machine (to repair) at the moment. 9. I (to insist) on his resignation before you (to inform) me about the details last week. I (to be) very sorry and I think I (to have/to apologise). 10. I (to feel) sick every time she (to begin) her vocal exercises. 11. They (to redecorate) my office for two weeks already, but nothing (to do) except the ceiling. 12. When Mr Derek (to phone) me yesterday I (not/can) pick up the receiver, I (to take) a shower. 13. After all your explanations I think I (to sell) the NXS shares. 14. The hall (to prepare) for the conference by 8 a.m. tomorrow. 15. She said her brother (to go) on business very often. 16. Mrs said that she (not/can) to assist you during the preliminary hearings the next Wednesday. 17. Mr Blumm (to graduate) from a law college nine years ago and (to work) for Hugo & Morantz since then.
TEST 6 (Variant D)
1. Read the text:
JURY SERVICE
The right to trial by a jury is one of the most important rights guaranteed by Constitutions of many countries. The job of a juror is to listen to all the evidence presented at trial and to “decide the facts” - that is, to decide what really happened. The judge, on the other hand, ”decides the law” - that is, makes decisions on legal issues. A juror does not need any special knowledge or ability. A juror should keep an open mind, concentrate on the evidence being presented, use common sense, and be fair and honest. A juror should not be influenced by sympathy or prejudice and be impartial with regard to all people and all ideas. In most countries jurors are selected at random from voter registration records and placed on a list of potential jurors. To be eligible for jury service, one must be over 18 years of age, a citizen of the country in which he or she is to serve as a juror, able to communicate in the language of the country. A group of people from which trial juries are chosen is called “a jury pool”.
The first step in the selection of the trial jury is the selection of a “jury panel”. Those selected for a jury panel are then directed to report to a courtroom in which a case is to be heard. The judge assigned to the case tells the panel members about the case and introduces the lawyers and the people involved in the case. Panel members take an oath, and the judge and the lawyers question the members of the panel. This process of questioning is called VOIR DIRE, a phrase meaning “to speak the truth”. During VOIR DIRE the judge and the lawyers are trying to make sure that members of the jury do not have opinions or past experiences which might prevent them from making an impartial decision. During VOIR DIRE the lawyers may ask the judge to excuse any member of the panel from sitting on the jury for some particular case. This is called CHALLENGING A JUROR. There are two types of challenges. The first type of challenge is called a CHALLENGE FOR CAUSE, which means that the lawyer has a specific reason for thinking that the juror would not be able to be impartial.
The second type of challenge is called a PEREMPTORY CHALLENGE, which means that the lawyer does not have to state a reason for asking that the juror be excused. Unlike challenges for cause, however, the number of peremptory challenges is limited. Those jurors who have not been challenged become the jury for the case.
2. Answer the questions to the text:
1. What are educational requirements for a juror? 2. How are jurors elected? 3. What is ‘challenging a juror’? 4. Why is the procedure ‘voir dire’ held?
3. Analyse the underlined in the text phenomena.
4. Insert the required articles:
1. ... bank is ... place where they lend you ... umbrella in ... fair weather and ask for it back when it begins to rain. (R. Frost) 2. ... more corrupt ... state, ... more laws. (Tacitas) 3. ... crime is a problem of all big cities. 4. ... Bank of England is ... state bank of ... United Kingdom. 5. It is better to go to ... prison as a visitor than to go to ... prison as a convict.
5. Insert the required prepositions:
1. Their research work resulted ... a new breakthrough in communication technology. 2. Can you wait a while? Mr Brooks is engaged ... conversation. 3. A sophisticated alarm system prevented burglars ... breaking ... the house. 4. His aggression was definitely aimed ... everybody around him. 5. The manager reported that the incomes of the firm increased ... 23 per cent. 6. This barrister is famous ... the rare ability to lose any case he takes. 7. In a legal state the demand ... lawyers should be very high. 8. ... my point of view he is absolutely innocent.
6. Insert the required pronouns:
1. ... his sons, Alfred and Douglas, received law degree, but ... of them want to work for his firm. 2. Mr Jones is not sending an inspecting team, he is coming .... 3. My point is that the police needed ... to arrest. 4. There is ... suspicious about the case, I just smell it. 5. We need ... more reliable witnesses.
7. Put the verbs in brackets into correct tense forms:
1. Mom, Mr Norm (to phone), he (to ask) to postpone the appointment for two hours, because he (to see in) his mother-in-law tomorrow at 10 a.m. 2. The county council (to receive) 2 mln. pounds for roads maintaining last year. 3. If he (not/to buy) that fancy car last month he (to have) money to hire a good lawyer and (not/to lose) the case. 4. She (not/to work) and (to have) plenty of time for charity activity. 5. Phone me when you (to decide) to take the job. 6. Your telephone bill (not/to pay) yet and we (to have) to cut your line if you (not/to settle) it till Monday afternoon. 7. Margaret insisted that she (to stay) at her friend’s when the theft (to commit). 8. Our house (to redecorate) now, so we (to eat out) every day. 9. Yes, I (to meet) Mr Fist the day before I (to return) home. 10. He usually (to take) the most complicated cases and the highest fee. 11. They (to hear) the case for three days already. 12. At 9 p.m. yesterday, when I (to come) to the office to take some papers, there (to be) nobody there, only a caretaker (to clean) the floor. 13. Well, I (to give) him one more chance to prove that he (to be) worth something, but it (to be) the last one. 14. They (to receive) the documents sent by FEDEX by 5 p.m. today, in three hours. 15. I just (not/can) phone you last Sunday, I (to be) in the middle of nowhere. 16. She said she never (to see) Martin again.
TEST 6 ( Variant E )
1. Read the text:
CRIME AND PUNISHMENT
In criminal legislation death penalty is designed as a temporary measure - it is called “extraordinary”. The purpose of punishment is to correct and re-educate the convicts and prevent new crimes being committed, whereas death penalty means physical elimination of the criminal and deterrence. More severe punishment does not deter people from crime, the strictness of the penalty is not a cure against crime, the cure is in its inevitability.
A very intricate question is the public’s attention to the role of punishment in the struggle against crime. Opinion polls indicate that on the whole the population clearly overestimates the significance of punishment. The polls conducted among a large number of people in 1973-1980 testify that 26.4 per cent of the polled believe that the introduction of more severe punishment is the best way to force observance of laws.
This is not quite so. Sociological studies have shown that 11-18 per cent of the polled do not commit crimes because they fear punishment; in the case of 25-26 per cent this fear does not play a decisive role, but the possibility of having to answer is taken into account in choosing the variants of behaviour. However, punishment holds a modest place among crime-prevention means. The main thing is to eradicate the causes of crime and the conditions which generate it.
The time has come to pose the question of the complete abolition of death penalty. This will show not only the magnanimity of the society, but also its inner strength. It is time the society returned to this problem. This is necessitated by the decisive changes in the civilised world and the new approach to the value of human life. Nor is it possible to forget about horrible, tragic legal errors which sometimes surface right after the sentence has been executed. This also happens. There is a need to bear in mind both our own experience and that of other countries. It should be remembered that capital punishment has been abolished in Austria, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany and many other European states, and is not used in 19 states of the USA, but also that it is still envisaged by the legislation of 127 countries.
2. Answer the questions to the text:
1. What is the cure against crime? 2. What is the best way to reduce crime? 3. What do you think are the negative sides of death penalty? 4. What do you think about death penalty?
3. Analyse the underlined in the text phenomena.
4. Insert the required articles:
1. ... discontent is ... first step in progress of ... man or ... nation. (O. Wilde) 2. Argument is ... worst sort of conversation. (J. Swift) 3. ... old believe everything, ... middle-aged suspect everything, ... young know everything. (O. Wilde) 4. They bought ... apartment for ... office in ... Regent Street. 5. They promote their goods very successfully in ... Europe and in ... Middle East.
5. Insert the required prepositions:
1. There is one more point that should be taken ... consideration. 2. The Institute spends large sums ... fundamental research works. 3. He agreed to take the department ... condition that he would have free hands in reorganising its work. 4. Your participation in that investigation is ... of the question. 5. I think you will need some time to think ... our offer. 6. I will have to work overtime tonight; I’ve got to reply ... a few letters. 7. Mr Dowel is quite satisfied ... the work of your department. 8. Your remark seems strange ... me.
6. Insert the required pronouns:
1. He is absolutely useless, he understands ... in accounting. 2. We’ll have to help him, he is not able to handle the situation .... 3. We need ... new people to generate fresh ideas. 4. She is late, ... must have happened to her. 5. He has two university degrees. - I reckon he won ... degrees on football grounds. 6. You may receive the trial records ... in the court archive ... in our library, which requires less formalities.
7. Put the verbs in brackets into correct tense forms:
1. I’m sorry, I (not/can) visit you last week, I (to have) some urgent work to do. 2. Mr Griffit wrote in his letter of May, 22 that he (to sell) his house a month before. 3. That all happened because of your pride; if you (to ask) for help, we (to help). 4. They (to have) much in common. 5. We (to start) to work on your problem as soon as you (to send) a cheque for $5,450. 6. The decision (not/to take) yet, the board still (to consider) the candidates. 7. We (to try) to find Mr Vogan’s heirs for two months; hundreds letters (to send), we (to spend) a fortune on telephone calls, but there (to be) still no result. 8. Excuse me, I (to look) for Mr Greg’s office. 9. He (to stay) in the office till 7 p.m. almost every day. 10. They (to try) to persuade him for two weeks before he at last (to agree) yesterday. 11. When I (to come) to the office at the appointed time Mr Snort (to dictate) a letter. 12. Wait! I (to help) you as soon as I (to be) through with this letter. 13. Don’t worry, all formalities (to fix) by 5 o’clock. 14. Julia said that she (to intend) to take shorthand lessons. 15. The cable informed that the delegation (to arrive) at 9.30 a.m. the next Tuesday. 16. I (to leave) for Oslo on business this Sunday. 17. If I (to promise) Mr Nigel to substitute for him, I (to enjoy) this wonderful weather at the seaside.
* * * * *
Вопросы к тематическим материалам 6-го семестра:
Список рекомендуемой литературы:
Raymond Murphy. English Grammar in Use. Cambrige University Press 1988
Гуманова Ю. Л. и др. Английский для юристов. Москва, “Теис”, 1998
Жималенкова Т. М., Мыльцева Н. А. Универсальный справочник по грамматике английского языка. Москва, “ГЛОССА”, 1999
Крылова И. П., Крылова Е. В. Английская грамматика для всех. Москва, “Высшая Школа”, 1989
Зеликман А. Я. Английский для юристов. ‘Феникс’. Ростов-на-Дону, 2000.