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Lexicology is a specialty in linguistics dealing with the meaning and usage of words.

Semantics is the study of meaning in communication.

Etymology is the study of the history of words, their origins, and how their form and meaning have changed over time.

Functional Styles is a system of interrelated language means, which serves a definite aim in communication.

A colloquialism is a word, phrase, or paralanguage that is employed in conversational or informal language but not in formal speech or formal writing.

A wombo, or word combination, is a combination on two or more words creating one succinct word that combines the meaning of its lesser parts.

Professional vocabulary – a vocabulary, peculiar to this occupational group used in the speech of people who share a common profession.

An adjectivization is a verb that has been turned into an adjective.

Assimilation is a common phonological process by which one sound becomes more like a nearby sound.

Blending is the formation of a new word by combining parts of two or more words.

Rhyming slang is a form of phrase construction in the English language and is especially prevalent in dialectal British English from the East End of London; hence the alternative name, Cockney rhyming slang.

conversion as a morphological way of forming words when one part of speech is formed from another part of speech by changing its paradigm,

Composition is the way of wordbuilding when a word is formed by joining two or more stems to form one word

A contraction is a shortened version of the written and spoken forms of a word, syllable, or word group, created by omission of internal letters.

Shifting stress from one syllable to another, sometimes changes grammatical functions of words.

Gradation may be combined with affixation and shift of stress.

Reduplication in linguistics is a morphological process in which the root or stem of a word (or part of it) is repeated exactly or with a slight change.

Back formation is a type of w-b in which new words are made up by taking away of affix (beggar-to beg).

A polysemy is a word or symbol that has more than one meaning.

lexical meaning - the meaning of a content word that depends on the nonlinguistic concepts it is used to express.

The leading semantic component in the semantic structure of a word is usually termed denotative component

Denotation is the literal meaning of a word or phrase, whereas connotation is the suggestive meaning of a word or phrase. A denotative meaning is the "primary meaning", whereas the connotative meaning is the "secondary meaning" of a word or phrase.

Language change is variation over time in a language's phonetic, morphological, semantic, syntactic, and other features. The basic cause of dialectal differentiation is linguistic change.

The causes of semantic changes can be extra-linguistic and linguistic, e.g. the change of the lexical meaning of the noun «pen» was due to extra-linguistic causes.

specialization is the formation of Proper names from common nouns, it is often used in toponimics

transference (based on resemblance and based on contiguity)

A metaphor is a figure of speech that describes a subject by asserting that it is, on some point of comparison, the same as another otherwise unrelated object.

Metonymy is a figure of speech used in rhetoric in which a thing or concept is not called by its own name, but by the name of something intimately associated with that thing or concept.

Hyperbole is a figure of speech that uses an exaggerated or extravagant statement to create a strong emotional response

An antonym is a word that has the opposite or approximately the opposite meaning to that of another word

Synonyms are words with the same or similar meanings.

A euphemism is a generally innocuous word or expression used in place of one that may be found offensive or suggest something unpleasant.

Phraseological units are (according to Prof. Kunin A.V.)[citation needed] stable word-groups with partially or fully transferred meanings

shortening of proverbs or sayings e.g. from the proverb

Quotations from classical sources were once a recognised feature of public speech. They are usually marked off in the text by inverted commas, dashes, italics or other graphical means. Some quotations are so often used that they come to be considered cliches.

The cliche the word is French is a metal block used for printing pictures and turning them out in great numbers. The term is used to denote such phrases as have become hackneyed and stale. Being constantly and mechanically repeated they have lost their original expressiveness and so are better avoided.

Estuary English is a dialect of English widely spoken in South East England, especially along the River Thames and its estuary.

New Zealand English is similar to Australian English in pronunciation, with some key differences.

Americanisms proper, i.e., words coined in the country, either representing some new idea or peculiar product.

African American Vernacular English (AAVE) — recently called African American Language (AAL) also called African American English; less precisely Black English, Black Vernacular, Black English Vernacular (BEV), or Black Vernacular English (BVE)—is an African American variety (dialect, ethnolect, and sociolect) of American English

Cockney is characterized by its own special vocabulary and usage, and traditionally by its own development of "rhyming slang."

The Yorkshire dialect refers to the varieties of English used in the Northern England historic county of Yorkshire.

A pidgin (pron.: /ˈpɪdʒɨn/), or pidgin language, is a simplified language that develops as a means of communication between two or more groups that do not have a language in common. It is most commonly employed in situations such as trade, or where both groups speak languages different from the language of the country in which they reside (but where there is no common language between the groups).

Political correctness (adjectivally, politically correct; both forms commonly abbreviated to PC) is a term which denotes language, ideas, policies, and behavior seen as seeking to minimize social and institutional offense in occupational, gender, racial, cultural, sexual orientation, certain other religions, beliefs or ideologies, disability, and age-related contexts, and, as purported by the term, doing so to an excessive extent. In current usage, the term is primarily pejorative, while the term politically incorrect has been used as an implicitly positive self-description.