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The English vocabulary contains a great number of words of foreign origin.
By etymology of words is understood their origin.
By a borrowing or loan word we mean a word which came into the vocabulary of one language from another and was assimilated by the new language.
By the Indo-European element are meant words of roots common to all or most languages of the Indo-European group.
English words of this group denote elementary concepts without which no human communication would be possible. The following groups can be defined:
- Family relations: father, mother, brother, son, daughter.
- Parts of the human body: foot, nose, lips, heart.
- Animals: goose, cow, swine.
- Plants: tree, birch, corn.
- Time of day: day, night.
- Heavenly bodies: sun, moon, star.
- Numerous adjectives: red, new, glad, sad.
- The numerals from the one to a hundred.
- Pronouns – personal (except they which is a Scandinavian borrowing), demonstrative: sky.
- Numerous verbs: to be, to stand.
The Germanic element represents words of roots common to all or most Germanic languages.
Some of the main groups of Germanic words are the same as in the Indo-European element.
- Parts of the human body: head, hand, arm, finger, home.
- Animals: bear, fox, calf.
- Plants: oak, fir, grass.
- Natural phenomena: rain, forest.
- Seasons of the year: winter, spring, summer.
- Landscape features: sea, land.
- Human dwellings and furniture: house, room, bench.
- See-going vessels: boat, ship.
- Adjectives: green, blue, grey, white, small.
-Verbs: see, hear, speak, tell, say, answer.
The English proper element is opposed to the first two groups. Not only can it be approximately dated, but these words have another distinctive feature: they are specifically English having no cognates in other languages whereas for I.E. and G. words such cognates can always be found as for the following words of the I.E. group.
Star: Stern (germ), stella (lat), aster (gr).
Sad: satt (germ), satis (lat), sa- (snscr).
Stand: stehen (germ), stare (lat), стоять (русский).
Here are some examples of English proper words. These words stand quite alone in the vocabulary system of the I.E. languages: bird, boy, girl, lord, lady, woman, dasy, always.